SL-1

SL-1（英語：Stationary Low-Power Reactor Number One，直譯：固定低功率反應堆1號)，是美國陸軍的實驗性核反應堆，1961年1月3日經歷了蒸汽爆炸和堆芯熔毀，造成3名操作人員死亡，其中一人被控制棒屏蔽塞（control rod shield plug）釘在天花板上^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]。事故的直接原因是負責吸收中子的控制棒在設計不佳的堆芯中不當撤出。它仍然是美國唯一一起造成立即死亡的反應爐事故^[5]。

事故發生時，堆芯功率水平在短短4毫秒內達到近20吉瓦（GW），引發爆炸^[6]^[7]^[8]。這次事故釋放了大約80居里的碘-131，大約1100居里的核裂變產物被釋放到了大氣中。

該設施位於愛達荷州愛達荷福爾斯以西約65公里處偏遠沙漠地區的國家反應堆試驗站（即後來的愛達荷國家實驗室），是陸軍核電計劃的一部分，最初名爲阿爾貢低功率反應堆（Argonne Low Power Reactor，ALPR），旨在為遠程軍事設施提供小型電力和熱能，如靠近北極圈的雷達站和遠距離預警線（英語：Distant Early Warning Line）。設計功率為3兆瓦（MW）熱能。操作功率為200千瓦（KW）電力和400千瓦熱能的局部暖氣。

參考文獻

^ 3 die in reactor blast. Spokane Daily Chronicle ((Washington)). Associated Press. January 4, 1961: 1 [2023-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-20）.
^ Hale, Steve. 3 killed in severe blast at Idaho A-reactor site. Deseret News ((Salt Lake City, Utah)). January 4, 1961: A1 [2023-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-20）.
^ Reactor blast kills three, pours out radiation. Lewiston Morning Tribune ((Idaho)). Associated Press. January 5, 1961: 1 [2023-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-20）.
^ 3 technicians die in reactor blast. Spokesman-Review ((Spokane, Washington)). Associated Press. January 5, 1961: 2 [2023-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-20）.
^ Stacy, Susan M. Chapter 16: The Aftermath (PDF). Proving the Principle: A History of The Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, 1949–1999. U.S. Department of Energy, Idaho Operations Office. 2000: 150–57 [2015-09-08]. ISBN 0-16-059185-6. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-12-29）.
^ Steve Wander (編). Supercritical (PDF). System Failure Case Studies (NASA). February 2007, 1 (4) [2007-10-05]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-11-27）.
^ LA-3611 A Review of Criticality Accidents （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, William R. Stratton, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 1967
^ LA-13638 A Review of Criticality Accidents (2000 Revision) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Thomas P. McLaughlin, et al., Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2000.

外部連結

INEEL Publication "Proving the Principle"
- Chapter 15 "The SL-1 Reactor" 9.5 MB PDF
- Chapter 16 "The Aftermath" 4.3 MB PDF
US Department of Energy Idaho Freedom of Information Act request archives, including eight documents on the SL-1 accident.

[sdcapj4-1] 3 die in reactor blast. Spokane Daily Chronicle ((Washington)). Associated Press. January 4, 1961: 1 [2023-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-20）.

[3kdin-2] Hale, Steve. 3 killed in severe blast at Idaho A-reactor site. Deseret News ((Salt Lake City, Utah)). January 4, 1961: A1 [2023-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-20）.

[lmtj5-3] Reactor blast kills three, pours out radiation. Lewiston Morning Tribune ((Idaho)). Associated Press. January 5, 1961: 1 [2023-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-20）.

[srapj5-4] 3 technicians die in reactor blast. Spokesman-Review ((Spokane, Washington)). Associated Press. January 5, 1961: 2 [2023-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-20）.

[ProvePrinciple16-5] Stacy, Susan M. Chapter 16: The Aftermath (PDF). Proving the Principle: A History of The Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, 1949–1999. U.S. Department of Energy, Idaho Operations Office. 2000: 150–57 [2015-09-08]. ISBN 0-16-059185-6. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-12-29）.

[6] Steve Wander (編). Supercritical (PDF). System Failure Case Studies (NASA). February 2007, 1 (4) [2007-10-05]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2007-11-27）.

[7] LA-3611 A Review of Criticality Accidents （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, William R. Stratton, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 1967

[la13638-8] LA-13638 A Review of Criticality Accidents (2000 Revision) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Thomas P. McLaughlin, et al., Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2000.

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