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Peter Norman

File:Peter Norman.jpg
個人資料
本名	Peter George Norman
出生	(1942-06-15)1942年6月15日 Coburg, Victoria, Australia
逝世	2006年10月3日(2006歲—10—03)（64歲） Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
身高	1.78米（5英尺10英寸）
體重	73公斤（161磅）
運動
國家／地區	澳大利亞
運動	Athletics
項目	Sprint
俱樂部	East Melbourne Harriers
20.06 s (200 m, 1968)
成績與頭銜
獎牌記錄 代表 澳大利亞 Olympic Games 1968 Mexico City 200 metres Commonwealth Games 1966 Kingston 4×110 yards

Peter George Norman (15 June 1942 – 3 October 2006) was an Australian track athlete. He won the silver medal in the 200 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, with a time of 20.06 seconds which remains the Oceanian 200 metres record. He was a five-time Australian 200 m champion.

He is the third athlete pictured in a famous photograph of the 1968 Olympics Black Power salute during the medal ceremony for the 200-metre event, where he wore a badge of the Olympic Project for Human Rights in support of fellow athletes John Carlos and Tommie Smith. Norman faced backlash in Australia for his part in the protest, and was not selected for the following 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich despite qualifying (a claim disputed by the Australian Olympic Committee). He retired from the sport soon after.

Life and career

Early life

Norman grew up in a devout Salvation Army family living in Coburg, a suburb of Melbourne in Victoria. Initially an apprentice butcher, Norman later became a teacher, and worked for the Victorian Department of Sport and Recreation towards the end of his life.

During his athletics career Norman was coached by Neville Sillitoe.

1968 Summer Olympics

主條目：Athletics at the 1968 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres和1968 Olympics Black Power salute

The Black Power salute by John Carlos (right) and Tommie Smith. Norman (left) wears an OPHR badge in solidarity with them.

The 200 metres event at the 1968 Olympics started on 15 October and finished on 16 October; Norman won his heat in a time of 20.17 seconds, which was briefly an Olympic record. He won his quarter-final and was second in the semi-final.

On the morning of 16 October, US athlete Tommie Smith won the 200-metre final with a world-record time of 19.83 seconds. Norman finished second in a time of 20.06 s, after catching and eventually passing U.S. athlete John Carlos at the finish line. Carlos finished in third place in 20.10 s. Norman's time was his all-time personal best and an Australian record that still stands.

After the race, the three athletes went to the medal podium for their medals to be presented by David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter. On the podium, during the playing of "The Star-Spangled Banner", Smith and Carlos famously joined in a Black Power salute. This salute was later described in Tommie Smith's autobiography as a Human Rights salute, not a Black Power salute.

Norman wore a badge on the podium in support of the Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR). After the final, Carlos and Smith had told Norman what they were planning to do during the ceremony. As journalist Martin Flanagan wrote: "They asked Norman if he believed in human rights. He said he did. They asked him if he believed in God. Norman, who came from a Salvation Army background, said he believed strongly in God. We knew that what we were going to do was far greater than any athletic feat. He said, 'I'll stand with you'. Carlos said he expected to see fear in Norman's eyes. He didn't; 'I saw love.'" On the way to the medal ceremony, Norman saw the OPHR badge being worn by Paul Hoffman, a white member of the US Rowing Team, and asked him if he could wear it. It was Norman who suggested that Smith and Carlos share the black gloves used in their salute, after Carlos left his pair at the Olympic Village. This is the reason for Smith raising his right fist, while Carlos raised his left.

Later career

Before the 1968 Olympics, Norman was a trainer for West Brunswick Australian rules football club as a way of keeping fit over winter during the athletic circuit's off season. After 1968 he played 67 games for West Brunswick from 1972 to 1977 before coaching an under 19 team in 1978.

In 1985, Norman contracted gangrene after tearing his Achilles tendon during a charity race, which nearly led to his leg being amputated. Depression, heavy drinking and pain killer addiction followed.

Treatment after 1968

After the salute, it has been claimed that Norman's career suffered greatly. A 2012 CNN profile said that "he returned home to Australia a pariah, suffering unofficial sanction and ridicule as the Black Power salute's forgotten man. He never ran in the Olympics again." He was not selected for the Olympic Games in Munich in 1972 despite turning in adequate times, and was not welcomed even three decades later at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Carlos later stated that "If we [Carlos and Smith] were getting beat up, Peter was facing an entire country and suffering alone."

The Australian Olympic Committee maintains that Norman was not selected for the 1972 Olympics because he did not meet the selection standard which entailed an athlete equalling or bettering the Olympic qualifying standard (20.9) and performing creditably at the Australian Athletics Championships. Norman ran several qualifying times from 1969-1971 but he finished third in the 1972 Australian Athletics Championships behind Greg Lewis and Gary Eddy in a time of 21.6.

Contemporary reports show mixed opinion on whether Norman should have been sent to the Munich Olympics. After coming third in the trials, Norman commented: "All I had to do was to win, even in a slow time, and I think I would have been off to Munich". The Age correspondent wrote Norman "probably ran himself out of the team at the National titles"; but also noted he was injured; and continued, "If the selectors do the right thing, Norman should still be on the plane to Munich." On the other hand, Australasian Amateur Athletics' magazine stated "The dilemma for selectors here was how could they select Norman and not Lewis. Pity that Peter did not win because that would have been the only requirement for a Munich ticket".

2012 Parliamentary apology

In August 2012, the Australian Parliament debated a motion to provide a posthumous apology to Norman. On 11 October 2012 the Australian House of Representatives passed the wording of an official apology that read:

“ 15 PETER NORMAN

The order of the day having been read for the resumption of the debate on the motion of Dr Leigh— That this House:
(1) recognises the extraordinary athletic achievements of the late Peter Norman, who won the silver medal in the 200 metres sprint running event at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, in a time of 20.06 seconds, which still stands as the Australian record;
(2) acknowledges the bravery of Peter Norman in donning an Olympic Project for Human Rights badge on the podium, in solidarity with African-American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos, who gave the 『black power』 salute;
(3) apologises to Peter Norman for the treatment he received upon his return to Australia, and the failure to fully recognise his inspirational role before his untimely death in 2006; and
(4) belatedly recognises the powerful role that Peter Norman played in furthering racial equality.

”

In a 2012 interview, Carlos said:

“ There's no-one in the nation of Australia that should be honoured, recognised, appreciated more than Peter Norman for his humanitarian concerns, his character, his strength and his willingness to be a sacrificial lamb for justice. ”

Apology claims disputed

The Australian Olympic Committee has disputed the claims made in the Australian Parliament apology about Norman paying a price in supporting Carlos and Smith. The AOC made the following comments:

• Norman was not punished by the Australian Olympic Committee (AOC). He was cautioned by Chef de Mission Judy Patching on the evening of the medal ceremony and then given as many tickets as he wanted to go and watch a hockey match.
• Norman was not selected for the 1972 Munich Olympics, as he did not meet the selection standard which entailed an athlete equalling or bettering the Olympic qualifying standard (20.9) and performing creditably at the Australian Athletics Championships. Norman ran several qualifying times from 1969-1971 but he finished third in the 1972 Australian Athletics Championships behind Greg Lewis and Gary Eddy in a time of 21.6.

• In the lead-up to the 2000 Sydney Olympics, the AOC stated "Norman was involved in numerous Olympic events in his home city of Melbourne. He announced several teams for the AOC in Melbourne and was on the stage in his Mexico 1968 blazer congratulating athletes. He was acknowledged as an Olympian and the AOC valued his contribution." Due to cost considerations, the AOC did not have the resources to bring all Australian Olympians to Sydney, and Norman was offered the same chance to buy tickets as other Australian Olympians. The AOC did not believe that Norman was owed an apology.

It has been stated that United States authorities invited him to participate in the 2000 Sydney Olympics after they found out he was not attending. On 17 October 2003, San Jose State University unveiled a statue commemorating the 1968 Olympic protest; Norman was not included as part of the statue itself – his empty podium spot intended for others viewing the statue to "take a stand" – but was invited to deliver a speech at the ceremony.

Death

Norman died of a heart attack on 3 October 2006 in Melbourne at the age of 64. The US Track and Field Federation proclaimed 9 October 2006, the date of his funeral, as Peter Norman Day. Thirty-eight years after the three made history, both Smith and Carlos gave eulogies and were pallbearers at Norman's funeral. At the time of his death, Norman was survived by his second wife, Jan, and their daughters Belinda and Emma, his first wife, Ruth, and children Gary, Sandra and Janita and four grandchildren.

Competitive record

International competitions

年	賽事	舉辦城市	名次	項目	記錄
1962	Commonwealth Games	Perth, Australia	6th S/F 1 ; 12/43	220 yards	21.8(22.03)(−2.8)
1966	Commonwealth Games	Kingston, Jamaica	6th Q/F ; 29/54	100 yards	10.2(10.27)(−5.0)
			6th S/F 1 ; 10/56	220 yards	21.2(0.0)
			3rd	4×110 yards	40.0
			5th	4×440 yards	3:12.2
1968	Olympic Games	Mexico City, Mexico	2nd	200 m	20.0 (20.06)(+0.9)
1969	Pacific Conference Games	Tokyo, Japan	4th	100 m	10.8(−0.1)
			1st	200 m	21.0(−0.1)
			1st	4 × 100 m	40.8
1970	Commonwealth Games	Edinburgh, Scotland	5th	200 m	20.86(+1.7)
			DNF Heat1 ; 14th	4 × 100 m	Dropped baton

National championships

年	賽事	舉辦城市	名次	項目	記錄
1965/66	Australian Championships	Perth, Western Australia	1st	200 m	20.9 (−1.2)
1966/67	Australian Championships	Adelaide, South Australia	1st	200 m	21.3
1967/68	Australian Championships	Sydney, New South Wales	1st	200 m	20.5 (0.0)
1968/69	Australian Championships	Melbourne, Victoria	2nd	100 m	10.6 (−0.5)
			1st	200 m	21.3 (−3.1)
1969/70	Australian Championships	Adelaide, South Australia	1st	200 m	21.0 (−2.1)
1971/72	Australian Championships	Perth, Western Australia	3rd	200 m	21.6

Legacy

Norman's nephew Matt Norman directed and produced a cinema-released documentary, Salute (2008), about the three runners, which was released by Paramount Pictures and Transmission Films. Paul Byrnes, in his Sydney Morning Herald review of Salute, said that the documentary makes it clear why Norman stood with the other two athletes. Byrnes writes, "He was a devout Christian, raised in the Salvation Army [and] believed passionately in equality for all, regardless of colour, creed or religion—the Olympic code". In October 2018, Matt Norman with the help of journalist Andrew Webster released his uncle's official biography The Peter Norman Story.

An airbrush mural of the trio on podium was painted in 2000 in the inner-city suburb of Newtown in Sydney. Silvio Offria, who allowed an artist known only as "Donald" to paint the mural on his house in Leamington Lane, said that Norman came to see the mural, "He came and had his photo taken, he was very happy." The monochrome tribute, captioned "THREE PROUD PEOPLE MEXICO 68", was under threat of demolition in 2010 to make way for a rail tunnel but is now listed as an item of heritage significance.

Recognition

• 1999 – Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductee
• 2000 – Australian Sports Medal
• 2010 – Athletics Australia Hall of Fame inductee
• 2018 – Order of Merit from Australian Olympic Committee
• 2018 - Athletics Australia in partnership with the Victorian Government announced the building and erecting a bronze statue of Norman at Lakeside Stadium in Melbourne. The statue will honour Norman’s legacy as an athlete and advocate for human rights.

References

Annotations

Footnotes

References

• Australian Associated Press. Sprinter Norman may get apology. The Age. 20 August 2012 [22 October 2013]. 
• Associated Press. Peter Norman; Australian Medalist in '68 Games. Washington Post. 4 October 2006 [22 October 2013]. 
• Carlos, John; Eastley, Tony. John Carlos: No Australian finer than Peter Norman. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 August 2012 [22 October 2013]. 
• Carlson, Michael. Unlikely Australian participant in black athletes' Olympic civil rights protest. The Guardian. 5 October 2006 [23 October 2013]. 
• City of Sydney. Heritage Assessment of the Three Proud People mural (PDF). City of Sydney. October 2010 [22 October 2013]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2 October 2013）. 
• Flanagan, Martin. Tell Your Kids About Peter Norman. The Age. 10 October 2006 [28 July 2014]. 
• Frost, Caroline. The other man on the podium. BBC News. 17 October 2008 [23 October 2013]. 
• Hawker, Phillippa. Salute to a champion. The Age. 15 July 2008 [23 October 2013]. 
• Hurst, Mike. Peter Norman's Olympic statement. The Courier-Mail. 8 October 2006 [22 October 2013]. 
• Irwin, James D. The Humans Raced. The Weeklings. 27 September 2012 [22 October 2013]. 
• Johnstone, Damian; Norman, Matt T. A Race to Remember: The Peter Norman Story 2008. JoJo Publishing. 2008. ISBN 9780980495027.  - Total pages: 320
• Lucas, Dean. Black Power. Famous Pictures Collection. 22 May 2013 [23 October 2013]. 
• New Scientist. New Scientist Vol. 90, No. 1251. New Scientist 30 April 1981. 1981. ISSN 0262-4079.  - Total pages: 64
• Schembri, Jim. It's a film worthy not only of our praise, but of our thanks.. The Age. 17 July 2008 [22 October 2013]. 
• Parliament of Australia. THE PARLIAMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES VOTES AND PROCEEDINGS No. 138 (PDF). Parliament of Australia. 11 October 2012 [22 October 2013]. 
• The Daily Telegraph. Olympian apology on agenda. Herald Sun. 20 August 2012 [22 October 2013]. 
• Tovey, Josephine. Last stand for Newtown's 'three proud people'. The Sydney Morning Herald. 27 July 2010 [22 October 2013]. 
• Webster, Andrew; Norman, Matt T. The Peter Norman Story 2018. Pan MacMillan Australia. 2018. ISBN 9781925481365.  - Total pages: 304
• Whiteman, Hilary. Apology urged for Australian Olympian in 1968 black power protest. CNN. 21 August 2012 [22 October 2013]. 

External links

• YouTube上的1968 Olympic 200 Meters
• Peter Norman – Athletics Australia Hall of Fame
• – Peter Norman – Sport Australia Hall of Fame
• Breeze2002/沙盒在互聯網電影資料庫（IMDb）上的資料（英文）