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教堂山（英語：Chapel Hill）是美國北卡羅萊納州奧蘭治縣（Orange County）的一座城鎮。據2010年人口普查的結果，教堂山共有57,233位居民，是該州第15大城市（英語：List of municipalities in North Carolina）。美國史上第一所公立大學北卡羅來納大學教堂山分校就位於該市。教堂山與達勒姆、州府羅利組成了北卡羅來納州三角研究園（官方名稱為「羅利、德罕、教堂山都市統計區（英語：combined statistical area）」），總人口為1,998,808人。[1]

教堂山市在1793年建成，總面積約21.3平方英里（55平方公里），中心在富蘭克林街。教堂山市有幾個國家史跡名錄上列出的地點和建築物。

歷史

編輯

教堂山一帶是弗吉尼亞州米德爾塞克斯縣的早期定居者威廉·巴比的故鄉，他於1753年從第二代格蘭維爾伯爵約翰·加特利獲得的撥款的585英畝土地就是現在的教堂山-達勒姆地區的兩筆土地撥款中的第一筆撥款。儘管威廉·巴比在不後久就去世了，但他的八個孩子之一克里斯托弗·巴比成為了剛剛起步的北卡羅來納大學的重要貢獻者。

 
南北戰爭時期約翰·威爾遜（英語：John A. Wilson (sculptor)）創作的沉默的山姆（英語：Silent Sam）雕像, 位於北卡羅來納大學教堂山分校校園內。
 
在富蘭克林街和羅斯瑪麗街之間琥珀巷的上壁畫

教堂山最初是一個英國國教徒占領的一個教堂，稱為「十字教堂（英語：Chapel of the Cross (Chapel Hill, North Carolina)）」（Chapel of the Cross）或「新希望教堂「（New Hope Chapel），它坐落於一個小山頂上，建於1752年。現在的卡羅來納旅館（英語：Carolina Inn）是原教堂的所在地。1819年，該城成立，原本是為了北卡羅來納大學而建，並計劃在其周圍發展。1851年，該鎮被特許經營，它的主要街道富蘭克林街（Franklin Street）以本傑明·富蘭克林（Benjamin Franklin）命名。[2][3]

1968年，教堂山成為美國南方第一個選出非裔美國人市長的主要白人市鎮，其市長為霍華德·李（英語：Howard Nathaniel Lee）[4]李從1969年至1975年都一直在幫助該城，其中包括幫助建立公共汽車系統（英語：Chapel Hill Transit），為該城與鄰近的卡爾伯羅服務。34年後的2002年，通過立法使當地公交系統免費為所有乘客提供服務，並導致乘客人數大幅增加。教堂山公共交通系統向教堂山和卡爾伯羅兩城鎮收稅，也通過聯邦撥款和UNC大學學生費資助等方式獲得資金。教堂山公交系統也曾增加過幾輛混合動力車輛和鉸接式客車。所有的公共汽車都帶有GPS發射器，可實時向跟蹤網站報告他們的位置。公共汽車可以運輸自行車並設有輪椅升降機。

1993年是該鎮的二百周年紀念，並成立了教堂山博物館（英語：Chapel Hill Museum）（Chapel Hill Museum）。該博物館展示了教堂山特色和人物的文化社區資源。[5]

地理與氣候

編輯

教堂山位於奧蘭治縣東南部，北臨達勒姆，西接卡勃羅。據美國人口調查局統計，該城的總面積為21.3平方英里（55.1平方公里），其中陸地面積為21.1平方英里（54.7平方公里），水面面積為0.15平方英里（0.4平方公里）。[6]

北卡羅來納州教堂山（1981–2010年平均數據）
月份 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 全年
歷史最高溫 °F（°C） 80
(27) 		83
(28) 		89
(32) 		94
(34) 		98
(37) 		104
(40) 		105
(41) 		106
(41) 		102
(39) 		97
(36) 		87
(31) 		80
(27) 		106
(41)
平均高溫 °F（°C） 49.6
(9.8) 		53.7
(12.1) 		61.7
(16.5) 		71.1
(21.7) 		78.3
(25.7) 		85.7
(29.8) 		89.0
(31.7) 		87.5
(30.8) 		81.2
(27.3) 		71.6
(22.0) 		62.7
(17.1) 		52.6
(11.4) 		70.4
(21.3)
日均氣溫 °F（°C） 39.1
(3.9) 		42.3
(5.7) 		49.6
(9.8) 		58.6
(14.8) 		66.6
(19.2) 		74.8
(23.8) 		78.4
(25.8) 		77.1
(25.1) 		70.4
(21.3) 		59.3
(15.2) 		50.5
(10.3) 		41.9
(5.5) 		59.1
(15.1)
平均低溫 °F（°C） 28.6
(−1.9) 		30.8
(−0.7) 		37.5
(3.1) 		46.1
(7.8) 		54.9
(12.7) 		64.0
(17.8) 		67.8
(19.9) 		66.7
(19.3) 		59.5
(15.3) 		47.1
(8.4) 		38.2
(3.4) 		31.1
(−0.5) 		47.7
(8.7)
歷史最低溫 °F（°C） −8
(−22) 		3
(−16) 		9
(−13) 		23
(−5) 		29
(−2) 		40
(4) 		48
(9) 		40
(4) 		36
(2) 		20
(−7) 		12
(−11) 		0
(−18) 		−8
(−22)
平均降水量 英寸（mm） 3.92
(100) 		3.52
(89) 		4.51
(115) 		3.27
(83) 		3.85
(98) 		4.03
(102) 		4.55
(116) 		4.47
(114) 		4.16
(106) 		3.78
(96) 		3.72
(94) 		3.53
(90) 		47.31
(1,202)
平均降雪量 英寸（cm） 1.7
(4.3) 		1.5
(3.8) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.2
(0.51) 		3.7
(9.4)
平均降水天數（≥ 0.01 in） 11.7 10.1 12.0 9.9 11.4 9.9 10.5 10.0 8.8 7.9 9.8 10.5 122.5
平均降雪天數（≥ 0.1 in） 1.0 1.3 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.5 3.2
數據來源：NOAA,[7] The Weather Channel (extremes)[8]

人口

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歷史人口數
調查年人口備註%±
1880831—
18901,01722.4%
19001,0998.1%
19101,1494.5%
19201,48329.1%
19302,69982.0%
19403,65435.4%
19509,177151.1%
196012,57337.0%
197026,199108.4%
198032,42123.7%
199038,71919.4%
200048,71525.8%
201057,23317.5%
2016年估計59,246[9]3.5%
美國人口普查局[10]

美國美國行政管理和預算局將教堂山列為羅利-達勒姆-卡瑞統計區的一部分，在2010年人口普查人口為1,749,525。2003年6月6日，美國行政管理和預算局重新劃分了聯邦統計區域，拆除了數十年來的羅利-達勒姆-教堂山統計區，並將其分解為兩個獨立的人口統計區。現今該區域仍然是一個單一的大都市區。

根據2010年美國人口普查，教堂山擁有57233位居民，20564間住房，人口密度為每平方英里2687人（每平方千米1037人）。其中72.8%為白人，9.7%為非裔美國人，6.4%為西班牙裔或拉美裔，0.3%為每洲原住民，11.9%為亞裔，0.02%為太平洋島民，2.7%為其他種族以及2.7％為混血。[11]

在20564戶房子中，51.1%為家庭住所，26.2%的家庭中有18歲以下未成年人與他們共同生活，40.2％以夫妻共同生活為主，8.2%為獨居女性，48.9%不是家庭。大約30.6%的家庭由個人組成，7.7％的人有65歲或65歲以上的獨居老人。平均每間房子有2.35人，每個家庭有2.98人。[11]

教堂山18歲以下的未成年人占17.4%，18至24歲占31.5%，25至44歲占23.6%，45至64歲占18.4%，9.2%為65歲以上者。年齡中位數為25.6歲。成年男女比例為1:0.872，18歲以下未成年人的男女比例為100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males.[11]

據美國人口調查局估計，從2005年至2007年，教堂山平均每戶收入為51690美元，而每個家庭的平均收入為91049美元。[12]該鎮男性的平均收入為50258美元，女性為32917美元；人均收入為35796美元。大約8.6%的家庭，19.8%的人口處於貧困線以下，其中18歲以下占8.6％，65歲以上占5.6％。

教堂山是北卡羅來納州學歷最高的城鎮。77%的成年居民（25歲及以上）是副學士或以上，73%的成年人擁有學士學位以以上等級。[13]

政府

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參見：教堂山歷任市長列表（英語：List of mayors of Chapel Hill, North Carolina）

教堂山使用議會-經理制政府。社區選出一名市長和八名理事會成員；市長任期兩年，理事會成員任期四年。現任市長是曾任教育委員會委員的帕姆·亨明傑（英語：Pam Hemminger），她於2015年當選，並於2017年再次當選。[14]亨明傑在2015年的投票中戰勝了該鎮歷史上的第一位公開同性戀市長馬克·克萊因施密特（英語：Mark Kleinschmidt (politician)）。[15]

教堂山於1990年發布了市旗。據旗幟設計者斯普林·戴維斯描述，旗幟上的藍色代表了該鎮和北卡羅來納大學（兩者的代表色均為卡羅來納藍（英語：Carolina blue）和白色）；綠色代表「環保意識」；而倒「人字形」中的城市景觀代表「家、朋友和社區的感覺」。[16]

教堂山市徽的當前版本於1989年通過。最早的版本則可以追溯到20世紀30年代，描繪了雅典娜——希臘智慧女神和城市保護者。[17]

學校系統

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The Chapel Hill-Carrboro school district covers most of the towns of Chapel Hill and Carrboro, along with portions of unincorporated Orange County, and is recognized for its academic strengths. East Chapel Hill High School, Carrboro High School, and Chapel Hill High School have all received national recognition for excellence, with Newsweek in 2008 ranking East Chapel Hill High as the 88th-best high school in the nation, and the highest-ranked standard public high school in North Carolina.[18] The small portion of Chapel Hill located in Durham County is part of Durham Public Schools.

The state's main youth orchestra, Piedmont Youth Orchestra, is based in Chapel Hill.

文化

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Even the fire trucks in Chapel Hill show support for UNC.

Though Chapel Hill is a principal city of a large metropolitan area, it retains a relatively small-town feel. Combined with its close neighbor, the Chapel Hill-Carrboro area has roughly 85,000 residents. Many large murals can be seen painted on the buildings. Most of these murals were painted by UNC alumnus Michael Brown.[19] Also, for more than 30 years, Chapel Hill has sponsored the annual street fair, Festifall, in October.[20] The fair offer booths to artists, craftsmakers, nonprofits, and food vendors. Performance space is also available for musicians, martial artists, and other groups. The fair is attended by tens of thousands each year.

 
The Sorrell building on Franklin Street has housed a movie theater (currently called the Varsity Theatre) since its construction in 1927.[21]

A variety of corporations are headquartered in Chapel Hill. Health insurance provider Blue Cross and Blue Shield of North Carolina was one of the town's 10 largest employers. Technology companies USAT Corp and Realtime Ops have made Chapel Hill their headquarters location. Journalistic, Inc., the publisher of the nationally acclaimed magazines Fine Books & Collections, QSR, and FSR recently relocated from Durham to Chapel Hill. New companies are selecting the town as their base of operations such as the service company Alpha Install.

The Morehead Planetarium was the first planetarium built on a U.S. college campus. When it opened in 1949, it was one of six planetariums in the nation and has remained an important town landmark.[22] During the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs, astronauts were trained there.[23] One of the town's hallmark features is the giant sundial, located in the rose gardens in front of the planetarium on Franklin Street.

Influences of the university are seen throughout the town, even in the fire departments. Each fire station in Chapel Hill has a fire engine (numbers 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35) that is Carolina blue.[2] These engines are also decorated with different UNC decals, including a firefighter Rameses.

Chapel Hill also has some new urbanist village communities, such as Meadowmont Village and Southern Village.[24] Meadowmont and Southern Village both have shopping centers, green space where concerts and movies take place, community pools, and schools. Also, a traditional-style mall with a mix of national and local retailers is located at University Place.

In 2009, Chapel Hill ranked number three on Newsmax magazine's list of the "Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities and Towns", a piece written by current CBS News travel editor Peter Greenberg. According to the magazine, Greenberg based the rankings on a variety of features, such as quality of schools and proximity to medical care, as well as culture, hospitality, and scenic beauty.[25]

食品

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Hailed as one of America's Foodiest Small Towns by Bon Appétit,[26] Chapel Hill is rapidly becoming a hot spot for pop American cuisine. Among the restaurants noted nationally are Al's Burger Shack, A Southern Season, Foster's Market (Martha Stewart's Living), Mama Dip's (Food Network's "$40 A Day With Rachael Ray"),[27] Crook's Corner, Sunrise Biscuit Kitchen (The Splendid Table), caffè Driade (Food Network's "$40 A Day With Rachael Ray"),[27] Lantern Restaurant (Food & Wine magazine, Southern Living magazine, etc.), and Vimala's Curryblossom Cafe.[28]

音樂

編輯

Chapel Hill also has a vibrant music scene. Classical composers on the faculty of UNC Chapel Hill include Allen Anderson, Stefan Litwin, and Lee Weisert.[29] In the realm of popular music, Alternative States, Remington Brown, Archers of Loaf, Squirrel Nut Zippers, James Taylor, George Hamilton IV, Southern Culture on the Skids, Superchunk, Polvo, Ben Folds Five, and more recently Porter Robinson, are among the most notable musical artists and acts whose careers began in Chapel Hill. The town has also been a center for the modern revival of old-time music with such bands as the Ayr Mountaineers, Hollow Rock String band, the Tug Creek Ramblers, Two Dollar Pistols, the Fuzzy Mountain String band, Big Fat Gap and the Red Clay Ramblers.[30] Chapel Hill was also the founding home of now Durham-based Merge Records. Bruce Springsteen has made a point to visit the town on four occasions. His most recent appearance was on September 15, 2003, at Kenan Memorial Stadium with the E Street Band. U2 also performed at Kenan on the first American date of their 1983 War Tour, where Bono famously climbed up to the top of the stage, during pouring rain and lightning, holding up a white flag for peace. The 2011 John Craigie song, "Chapel Hill", is about the singer's first visit there.[31] One song from Dirty, a Sonic Youth album, is named after the town.

體育

編輯

The University of North Carolina has been very successful at college basketball and women's soccer, and a passion for these sports has been a distinctive feature of the town's culture, fueled by the rivalry among North Carolina's four ACC teams: the North Carolina Tar Heels, the Duke Blue Devils, the NC State Wolfpack, and the Wake Forest Demon Deacons.

The two largest sports venues in the town both house UNC teams. The Dean Smith Center is home to the men's basketball team, while Kenan Memorial Stadium is home to the football team. In addition, Chapel Hill is also home to Carmichael Arena which formerly housed the UNC men's basketball team, and currently is home to the women's team, and to Fetzer Field, home to men's and women's soccer and lacrosse teams.

Many walking/biking trails are in Chapel Hill NC. Some of these include Battle Branch Trail and Bolin Creek Trail.[32]

媒體

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  • WCHL:[33] local AM radio station (1360AM, 97.9FM) providing talk radio, news, and local sports coverage as the flagship station of the Tar Heel Sports Network.
  • WUNC:[34] local public radio station (91.5FM) located on the UNC campus.
  • WXYC:[35] noncommercial student-run radio station (89.3FM) on the UNC campus. In 1994, it became the first radio station in the world to broadcast over the internet.
  • The Daily Tar Heel[36] is the nationally ranked, independent student newspaper that serves the university and the town. The free daily newspaper is printed Monday through Friday during the academic year and weekly during summer sessions.
  • The Chapel Hill News[37] is a newspaper owned by The News & Observer with a focus on the Chapel Hill-Carrboro area that is published twice a week.
  • The Sun Magazine[38] is an independent, ad-free magazine that for more than 40 years has published personal essays, interviews, short stories, poetry, and photographs.
  • Carrboro Citizen[39] was a locally owned community newspaper covering local news, politics and town government of Chapel Hill and Carrboro. The last issue was published in October 2012.
  • The metro area has TV broadcasting stations that serve the Raleigh-Durham Designated Market Area (DMA) as defined by Nielsen Media Research.

交通

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公交

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Chapel Hill has free intracity bus service via Chapel Hill Transit. Go Triangle provides connection to the rest of the Triangle (Raleigh, Durham, and Hillsborough), of which the Hillsborough service is operated by Chapel Hill Transit, and supplemented mid-day by a county shuttle.

輕軌

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A light rail service between Chapel Hill and Durham entered the engineering phase in August 2017.

姐妹城市

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名人

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UNC's wooded campus buffers the town center

在世

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已逝

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參見

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參考資料

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  1. ^ Population Estimates 2012 Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012. U.S. Census Bureau. [March 14, 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2013-3-17）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Fun Facts About Chapel Hill and UNC. Chapel Hill/Orange County Visitors Bureau. 2008 [July 5, 2011]. （原始內容存檔於June 28, 2011）.  已忽略未知參數|df= (幫助)
  3. ^ MEMORANDUM. 
  4. ^ Nicholas Graham. This Month in North Carolina History. UNC University Libraries. 2004 [August 16, 2011]. 
  5. ^ Ongoing Exhibits. The Chapel Hill Museum. 2011 [August 3, 2011]. 
  6. ^ Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Chapel Hill town, North Carolina. U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. [January 3, 2012]. （原始內容存檔於September 11, 2013）.  已忽略未知參數|df= (幫助)
  7. ^ Climatology of the United States No. 20: CHAPEL HILL 2 W, NC 1971–2000 (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. February 2004 [July 7, 2014]. 
  8. ^ Monthly Averages for Chapel Hill, NC (27514). The Weather Channel. [July 7, 2014]. 
  9. ^ Population and Housing Unit Estimates. [June 9, 2017]. 
  10. ^ Census of Population and Housing. Census.gov. [June 4, 2015]. （原始內容存檔於May 12, 2015）.  已忽略未知參數|df= (幫助)
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Chapel Hill town, North Carolina. U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. [January 3, 2012]. （原始內容存檔於September 11, 2013）.  已忽略未知參數|df= (幫助)
  12. ^ Chapel Hill town, North Carolina, Census.gov. Factfinder.census.gov. [August 23, 2012]. 
  13. ^ U.S. Census Bureau. 2008 American Community Survey
  14. ^ Grubb, Tammy. Pam Hemminger outpaces write-in challenger Eugene Farrar in Chapel Hill mayor's race. Herald Sun. November 7, 2017 [December 22, 2017]. 
  15. ^ Stasio, Frank. Chapel Hill's First Openly-Gay Mayor Reflects On His Home. WUNC (FM). November 5, 2014 [June 15, 2015]. 
  16. ^ MINUTES OF A MEETING OF THE MAYOR AND COUNCIL OF THE TOWN OF CHAPEL HILL, NORTH CAROLINA, MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1990 AT 7:30 pm. Town Hall. September 24, 1990 [August 1, 2011]. 
  17. ^ Resolution to Update Town Seal. Town of Chapel Hill. April 11, 2005. 
  18. ^ Top Open Enrollment Schools | US News Best High Schools 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期May 5, 2009，.
  19. ^ Murals. UNC The Graduate School. 2004 [July 15, 2011]. 
  20. ^ Festifall 2011. Town of Chapel Hill. 2011 [July 5, 2011]. （原始內容存檔於July 28, 2011）.  已忽略未知參數|df= (幫助)
  21. ^ Theaters and Performing Arts. Chapel Hill Downtown Partnership. 2011 [August 1, 2011]. 
  22. ^ Morehead History construction. Morehead Planetarium and Science Center. 2011 [July 5, 2011]. （原始內容存檔於September 30, 2003）. 
  23. ^ Morehead History Astronaut Training. Morehead Planetarium and Science Center. 2011 [July 5, 2011]. （原始內容存檔於November 5, 2003）. 
  24. ^ Welcome to Southern Village. Southernvillage.com. [January 10, 2016]. 
  25. ^ Newsmax Magazine Rates the Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities And Towns. Newsmax.com. [January 10, 2016]. 
  26. ^ Andrew Knowlton. America's Foodiest Small Town. Bon Appétit. 2008 [February 10, 2014]. 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 $40 A Day. Food Network. 2008 [July 5, 2011]. （原始內容存檔於September 7, 2011）.  已忽略未知參數|df= (幫助)
  28. ^ Grubb, Tammy. Vimala’s Curryblossom Cafe starts next 5 years with $100,000 recipe for success. The News & Observer. September 27, 2015 [December 26, 2017]. 
  29. ^ Faculty - Department of Music. Music.unc.edu. [January 10, 2016]. 
  30. ^ Music of the Red Clay Ramblers. Originalredclayramblers.com. [January 10, 2016]. 
  31. ^ John Craigie's New Album "October is The Kindest Month" is a Work of Art from Beginning To End. Jambandfriendly.com. October 11, 2011 [January 10, 2016]. 
  32. ^ Trails in Chapel Hill NC. ChapelHillTownGuide.com. [March 17, 2013]. （原始內容存檔於November 22, 2012）.  已忽略未知參數|df= (幫助)
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外部連結

編輯
 
維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：Spaghet-Ti/工作室/教堂山
 
維基導遊上的相關旅行指南：Chapel Hill


參見

編輯

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