維基百科

單倍群C-M217

單倍群C-M217，也稱C2（以前稱C3）， 是一個Y染色體DNA單倍群以及單倍群C-M130的下游分支之一。

單倍群C-M217[1]
起源時間50,865 [95% CI 38,317 <-> 61,900] 年前[2]
52,500 或 44,900 年前[3]
48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] 年前[4]
共祖年代35,383 [95% CI 25,943 <-> 44,092] 年前[2]

34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] 年前[4]
起源地東亞
上游單倍群單倍群C-M130
對應突變M217, P44, PK2
分佈區域Oroqen 61%[5]-91%,[6] Evenks 44%[6]-71%,[7][8] Ulchi 69%,[9] Kazakhs 33% [10],[11]Buryats 7%[12]-84%,[13]Evens 5%[8]-74%,[14] Mongolians 23.7% [15]-54%,[5] Tanana 42%,[16] -41.18%[17] Nivkhs 38%,[13] Hazaras 35%[18]–40%,[19] Koryaks 33%,[7][8] Daur 31%,[5] Yukaghir 31%,[20] Manchu 30% (8.3% [21] -51.8% [22]) Hezhe 29.6% [23], Sibe 29.3% [24], Dong 28% [25], Tujia 28%[25], Hani 25% [5], North Korean 23% (19% [26]-27% [27]), Altai 22%[14]-24%,[6] Kyrgyz 20%,[18] Uzbeks 20%,[6], South Korean 16% (11.6% [28]-21% [29]), Cheyenne 16%,[16] Apache 15%,[16] Northern Han 14.7% (4.3%-29.6%),[27] Tuvans 11%[30] – 15%,[20] Ainu 12.5%[13]-25%,[14] Hui 11%,[5][6] Sioux 11%,[16] Nogais 14%,[31] Crimean Tatars 9%,[31] Uyghurs 8.27% (0% Urumqi,[5] 0% Turpan area,[27] 2.6% Keriya,[32] 3.1% Lopnur,[32] 6.0%,[14] 6.0% Urumqi area,[27] 6.3% Bortala area,[27] 7.0% Yining area,[27] 7.7% Yili,[5] 8.37% Hetian area,[33] 11.8% Horiqol Township,[32] 16.08% Turpan area[33]), Vietnamese 7.6% (4.3%-12.5%[34]), Tajiks (Afghanistan) 7.6% (3.6%[35]-9.2%[18]), Southern Han 7.1% (0%-23.5%),[27] Tabassarans 7%,[36]Abazinians 7%,[37] Japanese 5.9% (0%[14]-7.8%[38]), Adygei 2.9%,[39] Kabardians 2.4%,[39]Pasthun 2.04%[17]

分佈

編輯

單倍群C-M217起源於東亞，分佈廣泛，西至南歐，北至西伯利亞，東至南美洲，南至海洋東南亞。有兩個主要分支：C2a-L1373和C2b-F1067。

C2a-L1373（原名C2b、C3c）的下游支系主要分佈在蒙古族、卡爾梅克族、達斡爾族、鄂倫春族、鄂溫克族、鄂溫族等通古斯民族、尼夫赫族、哈薩克族、哈扎拉族、滿族等。還分出一支C-P39，主要分佈於美洲。[40][41][41][42][43][44][45]

C2b-F1067（原名C2c、C2e）的下游支系主要分佈在漢族、滿族、朝鮮族、布里亞特族、苗族、土家族、侗族、瑤族、白族等。還分出一支C2b2-CTS4660，主要分佈於嶺南。[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]

參考文獻

編輯
  1. ^ ISOGG, 2015 "Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades – 2015" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） (15 September 2015).
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Karmin, Monika; Saag, Lauri; Vicente, Mário; Sayres, Melissa A. Wilson; Järve, Mari; Talas, Ulvi Gerst; Rootsi, Siiri; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Mägi, Reedik; Mitt, Mario; Pagani, Luca. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Research. 2015-04, 25 (4). ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 4381518  . PMID 25770088. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114 （英語）. 
  3. ^ The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium; Poznik, G David; Xue, Yali; Mendez, Fernando L; Willems, Thomas F; Massaia, Andrea; Wilson Sayres, Melissa A; Ayub, Qasim; McCarthy, Shane A; Narechania, Apurva; Kashin, Seva. Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences. Nature Genetics. 2016-06, 48 (6) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1061-4036. PMC 4884158  . PMID 27111036. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-21） （英語）. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 C-M217 Y树. www.yfull.com. [2022-11-07]. （原始內容存檔於2023-01-22）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; Hurles, Matthew E; Yang, Huanming. Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times. Genetics. 2006-04-01, 172 (4) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1943-2631. PMC 1456369  . PMID 16489223. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-07） （英語）. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; Feng, Shi; Wells, R. S.; Redd, Alan J.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001-09-01, 69 (3) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1235490  . PMID 11481588. doi:10.1086/323299. （原始內容存檔於2014-02-14） （英語）. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Karafet, Tatiana M.; Osipova, Ludmila P.; Gubina, Marina A.; Posukh, Olga L.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life. Human Biology. 2002, 74 (6) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1534-6617. doi:10.1353/hub.2003.0006. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-06） （英語）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Pakendorf, Brigitte; Novgorodov, Innokentij N.; Osakovskij, Vladimir L.; Stoneking, Mark. Mating patterns amongst Siberian reindeer herders: Inferences from mtDNA and Y-chromosomal analyses. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2007-07, 133 (3) [2022-11-07]. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20590. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-07） （英語）. 
  9. ^ Balanovska, E. V.; Bogunov, Y. V.; Kamenshikova, E. N.; Balaganskaya, O. A.; Agdzhoyan, A. T.; Bogunova, A. A.; Skhalyakho, R. A.; Alborova, I. E.; Zhabagin, M. K.; Koshel, S. M.; Daragan, D. M. Demographic and Genetic Portraits of the Ulchi Population. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2018-10, 54 (10). ISSN 1022-7954. doi:10.1134/S1022795418100046 （英語）. 
  10. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-16）. 
  11. ^ Dulik, Matthew C.; Osipova, Ludmila P.; Schurr, Theodore G. Kayser, Manfred , 編. Y-Chromosome Variation in Altaian Kazakhs Reveals a Common Paternal Gene Pool for Kazakhs and the Influence of Mongolian Expansions. PLoS ONE. 2011-03-11, 6 (3). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3055870  . PMID 21412412. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017548 （英語）. 
  12. ^ Lell, Jeffrey T.; Sukernik, Rem I.; Starikovskaya, Yelena B.; Su, Bing; Jin, Li; Schurr, Theodore G.; Underhill, Peter A.; Wallace, Douglas C. The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002-01-01, 70 (1) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 384887  . PMID 11731934. doi:10.1086/338457. （原始內容存檔於2013-10-30） （英語）. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Tajima, Atsushi; Hayami, Masanori; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Juji, Takeo; Matsuo, Masafumi; Marzuki, Sangkot; Omoto, Keiichi; Horai, Satoshi. Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages. Journal of Human Genetics. 2004-04, 49 (4) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1434-5161. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x. （原始內容存檔於2022-10-27） （英語）. 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, et al. Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. J. Hum. Genet. 2006, 51 (1): 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. 
  15. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-16）. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF. High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas. Mol. Biol. Evol. January 2004, 21 (1): 164–75. PMID 14595095. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John. Kayser, Manfred , 編. Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events. PLoS ONE. 2012-03-28, 7 (3). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3314501  . PMID 22470552. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 （英語）. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 引用錯誤：沒有為名為DiCristofaro2013的參考文獻提供內容
  19. ^ Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, et al. Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. Am. J. Hum. Genet. February 2006, 78 (2): 202–21. PMC 1380230  . PMID 16400607. doi:10.1086/499411. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Danilova AP, Protod'jakonov AP, Stoneking M. Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts. Hum. Genet. October 2006, 120 (3): 334–53. PMID 16845541. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. 
  21. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-16）. 
  22. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. 
  23. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-16）. 
  24. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-16）. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Xue2004的參考文獻提供內容
  26. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-16）. 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Qi, Xue-Bin; Xiao, Chun-Jie; Jin, Li; Ma, Runlin Z; Su, Bing. Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia. Journal of Human Genetics. 2010-07, 55 (7) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1434-5161. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.40. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-05） （英語）. 
  28. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-16）. 
  29. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-16）. 
  30. ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為Malyarchuk2010的參考文獻提供內容
  31. ^ 31.0 31.1 Marchani EE, Watkins WS, Bulayeva K, Harpending HC, Jorde LB. Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan. BMC Genet. 2008, 9: 47. PMC 2488347  . PMID 18637195. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-9-47. 
  32. ^ 32.0 32.1 32.2 LIU Shuhu, NIZAM Yilihamu, RABIYAMU Bake, ABDUKERAM Bupatima, and DOLKUN Matyusup, "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP." Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2018, 37(1): 146-156.
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陸艷, 「中國西部人群的遺傳混合」, 上海：復旦大學，2011: 1-84.)
  34. ^ Kim SH, Kim KC, Shin DJ, et al. High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea. Investig Genet. 2011, 2 (1): 10. PMC 3087676  . PMID 21463511. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. 
  35. ^ Marc Haber, Daniel E. Platt, Maziar Ashrafian Bonab, Sonia C |title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events||date=Published: March 28, 2012|http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
  36. ^ Yunusbayev2006
  37. ^ Nasidze2004a
  38. ^ Youichi Sato, Toshikatsu Shinka, Ashraf A. Ewis, Aiko Yamauchi, Teruaki Iwamoto, and Yutaka Nakahori, "Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males." Anthropological Science Vol. 122(3), 131–136, 2014.
  39. ^ 39.0 39.1 Yunusbayev2012
  40. ^ Zerjal, Tatiana; Xue, Yali; Bertorelle, Giorgio; Wells, R. Spencer; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Qamar, Raheel; Ayub, Qasim; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu. The genetic legacy of the Mongols. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003-03, 72 (3) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1180246  . PMID 12592608. doi:10.1086/367774. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-07）. 
  41. ^ 41.0 41.1 Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Lim, Si-Keun; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; Yang, Huanming. Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2005-12-01, 77 (6) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1285168  . PMID 16380921. doi:10.1086/498583. （原始內容存檔於2014-10-11） （英語）. 
  42. ^ Karafet, Tatiana M.; Osipova, Ludmila P.; Savina, Olga V.; Hallmark, Brian; Hammer, Michael F. Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic‐speaking populations. American Journal of Human Biology. 2018-11, 30 (6) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1042-0533. doi:10.1002/ajhb.23194. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-07） （英語）. 
  43. ^ Di Cristofaro, Julie; Pennarun, Erwan; Mazières, Stéphane; Myres, Natalie M.; Lin, Alice A.; Temori, Shah Aga; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Witzel, Michael; King, Roy J.; Underhill, Peter A. Kayser, Manfred , 編. Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge. PLoS ONE. 2013-10-18, 8 (10). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3799995  . PMID 24204668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 （英語）. 
  44. ^ Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Wozniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Dambueva, Irina; Zakharov, Ilia. Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia: Y-chromosome haplogroup C phylogeography. Annals of Human Genetics. 2010-11, 74 (6) [2022-11-07]. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-07） （英語）. 
  45. ^ Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Khoyt, Sanj; Woźniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Zakharov, Ilya. Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels. Journal of Human Genetics. 2013-12, 58 (12) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1434-5161. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-03） （英語）. 
  46. ^ Lippold, Sebastian; Xu, Hongyang; Ko, Albert; Li, Mingkun; Renaud, Gabriel; Butthof, Anne; Schröder, Roland; Stoneking, Mark. Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences. Investigative Genetics. 2014, 5 [2022-11-07]. ISSN 2041-2223. PMC 4174254  . PMID 25254093. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-5-13. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-07）. 
  47. ^ Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Zheng, Hong-Xiang; Wang, Wei; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Wei, Lan-Hai; Wang, Yi; Pan, Xue-Dong; Fu, Wen-Qing; He, Yun-Gang; Xiong, Li-Jun. Su, Bing , 編. Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Descend from Three Neolithic Super-Grandfathers. PLoS ONE. 2014-08-29, 9 (8). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4149484  . PMID 25170956. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105691 （英語）. 
  48. ^ Mj, Park; Hy, Lee; Ny, Kim; Ey, Lee; Wi, Yang; Kj, Shin. Y-SNP miniplexes for East Asian Y-chromosomal haplogroup determination in degraded DNA. Forensic science international. Genetics. 2013 Jan, 7 (1) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1878-0326. PMID 22818129. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.014. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-07） （英語）. 
  49. ^ Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy. FamilyTreeDNA. [2020-01-15]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-22） （英語）. 
  50. ^ Hallast, P.; Batini, C.; Zadik, D.; Maisano Delser, P.; Wetton, J. H.; Arroyo-Pardo, E.; Cavalleri, G. L.; de Knijff, P.; Destro Bisol, G.; Dupuy, B. M.; Eriksen, H. A. The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2015-03-01, 32 (3) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 4327154  . PMID 25468874. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-07） （英語）. 
  51. ^ Kharkov, V. N.; Khamina, K. V.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Simonova, K. V.; Eremina, E. R.; Stepanov, V. A. Gene pool of Buryats: Clinal variability and territorial subdivision based on data of Y-chromosome markers. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2014-02, 50 (2). ISSN 1022-7954. doi:10.1134/S1022795413110082 （英語）. 
  52. ^ Gayden, Tenzin; Cadenas, Alicia M.; Regueiro, Maria; Singh, Nanda B.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi L.; Herrera, Rene J. The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2007-05-01, 80 (5) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1852741  . PMID 17436243. doi:10.1086/516757. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-06） （英語）. 
  53. ^ Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2009-12, 9 (1) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2720951  . PMID 19573232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. （原始內容存檔於2020-12-17） （英語）. 
  54. ^ Kivisild, T.; Rootsi, S.; Metspalu, M.; Mastana, S.; Kaldma, K.; Parik, J.; Metspalu, E.; Adojaan, M.; Tolk, H.-V.; Stepanov, V.; Gölge, M. The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003-02-01, 72 (2) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 379225  . PMID 12536373. doi:10.1086/346068. （原始內容存檔於2014-01-06） （英語）. 

外部連結

編輯
取自 "https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=单倍群C-M217&oldid=83564436"