圖蘭

圖蘭（توران‎），是波斯語中對中亞的稱呼^[1]，本意為圖爾人（Tur）的土地。自6世紀以來，圖蘭這個詞就被用來表示突厥人或土耳其人居住的國家。圖蘭最初的居民為波斯古經時代的Tuirya伊朗人^[2]^[3]^[4]。那裏存在的兩支伊朗人部落經常會發生戰爭。而根據《列王紀》，在波斯古經時代1500年之後，居住在這片土地上的游牧部族開始被圖爾（Tūr）所統治，他是皇帝菲里敦（فریدون Fereydūn)的長子。同樣根據《列王紀》，與突厥人的聯繫是因為那時中亞的突厥化已經開始並部分完成。他們中最著名的王是額弗拉斯牙卜，是黑汗王朝始祖。也有人說圖蘭是一些與信仰拜火教的伊朗人敵對的部族。其中伊朗人和圖蘭人被認為是一個民族，他們都是費雷敦的後裔，但有兩個不同的領地，而且經常相互交戰。^[5]

現代意義編輯

地理編輯

指圖蘭低地，中亞一片廣袤的平原。^[6]

13世紀，窩闊台汗國滅亡後，黃色部份的疆域事實上獨立，但從來沒有停止過各個部落的爭執，15世紀被波斯人稱為「圖蘭汗國」（即西伯利亞汗國）
1843年，中亞被波斯人稱為圖蘭（獨立的韃靼利亞和前圖蘭汗國的疆域）
1850年代韃靼利亞範圍內的獨立國家
1891年波斯和圖蘭

語言編輯

圖蘭語，屬歷史上波斯人對烏拉爾語系、突厥語系群體的別稱，講圖蘭語的整體也被稱作是圖蘭人，現多居於中亞境內。

姓名編輯

圖蘭（Turan）是中東地區較為常見的一個名字。圖蘭朵（Turandot或Turandokht）是伊朗人的一個女用名字，波斯語意為「圖蘭的女兒」。

參見編輯

參考文獻編輯

^ Emeri "van" Donzel, 《Islamic Reference Desk》, Brill Academic Publishers, 1994. pg 461. 引用: Iranian term applied to region lying to the northeast of Iran and ultimately indicating very vaguely the country of the Turkic peoples.
^ Edward A Allworth,《Central Asia: A Historical Overview》, 杜克大學出版社, 1994. p 86
^ I. M. Diakonoff, 《The Paths of History》, 劍橋大學出版社, 1999, p. 100 : Turan was one of the nomadic Iranian tribes mentioned in the Avesta. However, in Firdousi’s poem, and in the later Iranian tradition generally, the term Turan is perceived as denoting 『lands inhabited by Turkic speaking tribes.
^ G. Gnoli, 《Zoroaster's time and homeland》, Naples 1980, 引用Iranian tribes that also keep on recurring in the Yasht, Airyas, Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis
^ K. H. Menges, in Encyclopaedia Iranica （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Excerpt: "In a series of relatively minor movements, Turkic groups began to occupy territories in western Central Asia and eastern Europe which had previously been held by Iranians (i.e. , Turan). The Volga Bulgars, following the Avars, proceeded to the Volga and Ukraine in the 6th-7th centuries."
^ 黃中祥.加強中哈兩國文化交流與共同振興"一帶一路"經濟帶[J].

[1] Emeri "van" Donzel, 《Islamic Reference Desk》, Brill Academic Publishers, 1994. pg 461. 引用: Iranian term applied to region lying to the northeast of Iran and ultimately indicating very vaguely the country of the Turkic peoples.

[2] Edward A Allworth,《Central Asia: A Historical Overview》, 杜克大學出版社, 1994. p 86

[3] I. M. Diakonoff, 《The Paths of History》, 劍橋大學出版社, 1999, p. 100 : Turan was one of the nomadic Iranian tribes mentioned in the Avesta. However, in Firdousi’s poem, and in the later Iranian tradition generally, the term Turan is perceived as denoting 『lands inhabited by Turkic speaking tribes.

[4] G. Gnoli, 《Zoroaster's time and homeland》, Naples 1980, 引用Iranian tribes that also keep on recurring in the Yasht, Airyas, Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis

[5] K. H. Menges, in Encyclopaedia Iranica （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Excerpt: "In a series of relatively minor movements, Turkic groups began to occupy territories in western Central Asia and eastern Europe which had previously been held by Iranians (i.e. , Turan). The Volga Bulgars, following the Avars, proceeded to the Volga and Ukraine in the 6th-7th centuries."

[6] 黃中祥.加強中哈兩國文化交流與共同振興"一帶一路"經濟帶[J].

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圖蘭

現代意義 編輯

地理 編輯

語言 編輯

姓名 編輯

參見 編輯

參考文獻 編輯