图兰

图兰（توران‎），是波斯语中对中亚的称呼^[1]，本意为图尔人（Tur）的土地。自6世纪以来，图兰这个词就被用来表示突厥人或土耳其人居住的国家。图兰最初的居民为波斯古经时代的Tuirya伊朗人^[2]^[3]^[4]。那里存在的两支伊朗人部落经常会发生战争。而根据《列王纪》，在波斯古经时代1500年之后，居住在这片土地上的游牧部族开始被图尔（Tūr）所统治，他是皇帝菲里敦（فریدون Fereydūn)的长子。同样根据《列王纪》，与突厥人的联系是因为那时中亚的突厥化已经开始并部分完成。他們中最著名的王是額弗拉斯牙卜，是黑汗王朝始祖。也有人說圖蘭是一些與信仰拜火教的伊朗人敵對的部族。其中伊朗人和图兰人被认为是一个民族，他们都是费雷敦的后裔，但有两个不同的领地，而且经常相互交战。^[5]

现代意义

地理

指图兰低地，中亚一片广袤的平原。^[6]

13世纪，窝阔台汗国灭亡后，黄色部份的疆域事实上独立，但从来没有停止过各个部落的争执，15世纪被波斯人称为“图兰汗国”（即西伯利亚汗国）
1843年，中亚被波斯人称为图兰（独立的鞑靼利亚和前图兰汗国的疆域）
1850年代鞑靼利亚範圍內的獨立國家
1891年波斯和图兰

语言

图兰语，属历史上波斯人对烏拉尔语系、突厥语系群体的别称，讲图兰语的整体也被称作是图兰人，现多居于中亚境内。

姓名

图兰（Turan）是中东地区较为常见的一个名字。图兰朵（Turandot或Turandokht）是伊朗人的一个女用名字，波斯语意为“图兰的女儿”。

參見

参考文献

^ Emeri "van" Donzel, 《Islamic Reference Desk》, Brill Academic Publishers, 1994. pg 461. 引用: Iranian term applied to region lying to the northeast of Iran and ultimately indicating very vaguely the country of the Turkic peoples.
^ Edward A Allworth,《Central Asia: A Historical Overview》, 杜克大学出版社, 1994. p 86
^ I. M. Diakonoff, 《The Paths of History》, 剑桥大学出版社, 1999, p. 100 : Turan was one of the nomadic Iranian tribes mentioned in the Avesta. However, in Firdousi’s poem, and in the later Iranian tradition generally, the term Turan is perceived as denoting ‘lands inhabited by Turkic speaking tribes.
^ G. Gnoli, 《Zoroaster's time and homeland》, Naples 1980, 引用Iranian tribes that also keep on recurring in the Yasht, Airyas, Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis
^ K. H. Menges, in Encyclopaedia Iranica （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Excerpt: "In a series of relatively minor movements, Turkic groups began to occupy territories in western Central Asia and eastern Europe which had previously been held by Iranians (i.e. , Turan). The Volga Bulgars, following the Avars, proceeded to the Volga and Ukraine in the 6th-7th centuries."
^ 黄中祥.加强中哈两国文化交流与共同振兴"一带一路"经济带[J].

[1] Emeri "van" Donzel, 《Islamic Reference Desk》, Brill Academic Publishers, 1994. pg 461. 引用: Iranian term applied to region lying to the northeast of Iran and ultimately indicating very vaguely the country of the Turkic peoples.

[2] Edward A Allworth,《Central Asia: A Historical Overview》, 杜克大学出版社, 1994. p 86

[3] I. M. Diakonoff, 《The Paths of History》, 剑桥大学出版社, 1999, p. 100 : Turan was one of the nomadic Iranian tribes mentioned in the Avesta. However, in Firdousi’s poem, and in the later Iranian tradition generally, the term Turan is perceived as denoting ‘lands inhabited by Turkic speaking tribes.

[4] G. Gnoli, 《Zoroaster's time and homeland》, Naples 1980, 引用Iranian tribes that also keep on recurring in the Yasht, Airyas, Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis

[5] K. H. Menges, in Encyclopaedia Iranica （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Excerpt: "In a series of relatively minor movements, Turkic groups began to occupy territories in western Central Asia and eastern Europe which had previously been held by Iranians (i.e. , Turan). The Volga Bulgars, following the Avars, proceeded to the Volga and Ukraine in the 6th-7th centuries."

[6] 黄中祥.加强中哈两国文化交流与共同振兴"一带一路"经济带[J].

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