整合層次

整合層次（Integrative level）或組織層次（level of organization）是由較低層次的預先存在現象湧現產生的現象。層次的概念是將現實結構化的智識框架（intellectual framework），一般按組織複雜度將宇宙中或某領域中的所有實體、結構和過程安排為一定層次。排列中的每個實體同時處於三種狀態：由低層次的組分組成；本身表現為一個整體；是高層次的整體的組分。典型例子如生命湧現自非生命物質，意識湧現自神經系統。

層次

通常認為存在的主要層次有物質、生命、意識和社會，在哲學家尼古拉·哈特曼的本體論中稱其為strata （層）。它們可以進一步分析為更具體的階（layer），如形成物質層的粒子、原子、分子和岩石，或形成生命層的細胞、機體、種群和生態系統。

層次一般認為對應系統的複雜度，越複雜層次越高，但也有例外，比如寄生現象是機體的湧現，但寄生體通常比原形簡單（複雜度更低）。

哲學

在唯物主義和唯心主義著作中，都可以找到與整合層次相近的概念。一些哲學家和科學家則認為整合層次不存在。

另見

• 反還原論
• 大歷史
• 生物組織
• 等級理論
• 分析層次
• 分體論 (邏輯學)
• 分體拓撲學
• 層次複雜性模型
• 可塑性面積單元問題
• 尼古拉·哈特曼
• 空間尺度
• 結構主義 (生物學)
• 中心科學
• 知識系統樹
• 科學統一論
• 活力論

參考文獻

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反對整合層次的論點

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