蠑螺科
鐘螺目的一科软体动物
蠑螺科（學名：Turbinidae）是一個包括有小型到大型海洋腹足綱軟體動物的一個科[1]。舊屬原始腹足目，現時蠑螺科是鐘螺目鐘螺總科之下的一個科[2]。
蠑螺科
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| Three views of a shell of Turbo cornutus with the operculum in place | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 軟體動物門 Mollusca |
| 綱： | 腹足綱 Gastropoda |
| 亞綱： | 古腹足亞綱 Vetigastropoda |
| 目： | 鐘螺目 Trochida |
| 總科： | 鐘螺總科 Trochoidea |
| 科： | 蠑螺科 Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815 |
| 屬與種 | |
本科在2005年的分類很龐大，包含多個亞科與物種[3]，但這些亞科後來都從蠑螺科獨立出來，組成各自的科與總科，到現在又重聚到鐘螺總科之下[2]。
型態特徵
編輯本科物種的一大特徵，是其鈣質的口蓋，使之與非常近似但有着角質口蓋的鐘螺科物種分辨開來。蠑螺科物種堅固的口蓋成為了牠們的一種被動的防禦構造，得以抵擋捕食者嘗試從其殼口或殼唇進侵其柔軟的身體。
貝殼多呈陀螺形。分佈於熱帶、亞熱帶、溫帶的海洋，以熱帶水域為多，棲息於潮間帶到淺海之岩礁區。
分佈及棲息地
編輯按照Williams et al. (2008)，蠑螺科物種由多個支序組成，而且無論在淺水區或深水區皆有其物種棲息[4]。本科物種有很廣闊的分佈範圍，從熱帶到極帶均有分佈，但絕大多數物種都棲息於熱帶及亞熱帶的淺水區。
分類
編輯蠑螺科原為前鰓亞綱原始腹足目蠑螺總科的成員。現時蠑螺總科成為了鐘螺總科的異名。然而，這一個頗為古老的腹足綱群組很可能源於2.98億到2.50億年前的二疊紀[5]。本科物種的型態仍然保有多種原始的特徵，例如：牠們的螺殼內的珠母層。
2005年分類
編輯根據布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)，蠑螺科是蠑螺總科的成員，由下列八個亞科組成[3]：
- Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
- 海豚螺亞科 Angariinae Gray, 1857[6]：又名棘冠螺亞科，Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868是本亞科的異名。
- 縮口螺亞科 Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917[7][6]
- tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960
- tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995
- tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960
- tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960
- Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
- † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：異名： Prisogastrinae in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)，拼寫錯誤。[8]
- 篷螺亞科 Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851[6]：Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924是本亞科的異名。
- Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
2008年分類
編輯_opened.jpg)
根據Williams et al. (2008)的研究成果，蠑螺科被重新定義，還被移到鐘螺總科[4]。與此同時，原來蠑螺科之下的海豚螺亞科獲提至科級，成為了鐘螺總科之下的海豚螺科（Angariidae）；而原來蠑螺科的縮口螺亞科在提升至科級成為縮口螺科（Colloniidae）之餘，再與蠑螺總科的雉螺科改為合組新的雉螺總科（Phasianelloidea Swainson, 1840）[4]；Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae[4]。這個時候的蠑螺科包括下列五個亞科[4]：
- 蠑螺亞科 Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815：異名有 Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
- Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae)
- Margaritinae [9]：根據布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)，這個亞科由以下三個族組成。upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae
- tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)
- tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990
- tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993
- Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971：獲提升至科級成為Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
下列在2005年分類提及過的亞科都保留了：
- Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：但Moelleria這個屬的物種並未有包括在2010年的分子研究裏[4][10]
- † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
2017年分類
編輯亞倫氏螺屬（Yaronia Mienis, 2011）被重新分到縮口螺科去[11]。
以下為本科現時餘下的屬[12]。
屬
編輯
現時本科包括以下各屬：
- 不屬於任何亞科：
- Phanerolepida Dall, 1907
- Tropidomarga Powell, 1951
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- Astraea Röding, 1798
- 星螺屬 Astralium Link, 1807
- Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
- 擬星螺屬 Bolma Risso, 1826
- Cookia Lesson, 1832
- 刺螺屬 Guildfordia Gray, 1850
- Lithopoma Gray, 1850
- 珠螺屬 Lunella Röding, 1798
- Megastraea McLean, 1970[13]
- Modelia Gray, 1850
- Pomaulax Gray, 1850
- Sarmaturbo Powell, 1938 †
- 蠑螺屬 Turbo Linnaeus, 1758：模式屬
- Uvanilla Gray, 1850
- Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
- Prisogaster Mörch, 1850[8]
- 異名：
- Astrea Link, 1807: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
- Agathistoma Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of Tegula Lesson, 1832
- Amyxa Troschel, 1852: synonym of Prisogaster Mörch, 1850
- Calcar Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Canthorbis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
- Cardinalia Gray, 1842: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
- Crosseia P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Crossea A. Adams, 1865
- Cyclocantha Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Dinassovica Iredale, 1937: synonym of Turbo (Turbo) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
- Distellifer Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Foliastralium Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Galeoastraea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Halopsephus Rehder, 1943: synonym of Turbo (Halopsephus) Rehder, 1943 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
- Harisazaea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Imperator Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
- † Incilaster Finlay, 1926: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Livona Gray, 1842: synonym of Cittarium Philippi, 1847
- Lunatica Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
- Macropelmus Gistel, 1848: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Margarita Leach, 1819: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847
- Micrastraea Cotton, 1939: synonym of Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
- Notosetia Iredale, 1915: synonym of Putilla A. Adams, 1867
- Okinawastraea Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- † Oobolma Sacco, 1896 : synonym of Bolma'' Risso, 1826
- † Ormastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Pachypoma Gray, 1850: synonym of Lithopoma Gray, 1850
- Pagocalcar Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Pseudastralium Schepman, 1908: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Pyramidea Swainson, 1840: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
- Pyramis Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
- Rugastella Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Senobolma Okutani, 1964: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Stella P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
- Submargarita Strebel, 1908: synonym of Lissotesta Iredale, 1915
- Tharsiella Bush, 1897: synonym of Cirsonella Angas, 1877
- Trochiscus G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of Norrisia Bayle, 1880
- † Tylastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
- Valvatella Gray, 1857: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847
參考文獻
編輯- ^ Bouchet, P. Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. WoRMS.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta. 2008-09, 37 (5): 483–506. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x （英語）.
- ^ Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-27-9.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 中國科學院中國動物志編輯委員會主編；董正之編著 (編). 中国动物志. 無脊椎動物 第29卷 軟體動物門 腹足綱 原始腹足目 馬蹄螺總科. 科學出版社. 2002: 210頁 [2018-08-21]. ISBN 9787030095091. （原始內容存檔於2018-10-03） （中文（簡體））.
- ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為
WoRMS_382202的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 8.0 8.1 Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 編. Prisogasterinae. WoRMS. 2009 [2010-04-19] –透過WoRMS.
- ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為
Thiele, 1924的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ Search for Moelleria. National Center for Biotechnology Information. [2010-04-19]. （原始內容存檔於2018-04-06）.
- ^ Yaronia Mienis, 2011. WoRMS. 2016-06-16 [2018-03-13].
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 編. Turbininae. WoRMS. 2009-02-02 [2018-03-13] –透過WoRMS.
- ^ Alf, A.; Kreipl, K. The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. G.T. Poppe; K. Groh (編). A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 2011: pp. 1–82, pls 104–245 （英語）.
- Marshall, B.A. 1988. Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949-1004.
- Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp.
- Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta. 2008, 37: 483–506 （英語）.
