溫泉 (印度哨所)
印军边防哨所
溫泉（Hot Springs）[2] 印度的一個營地和邊境哨所，它位於拉達克的羌臣摩河河谷，地處中印邊界附近。當地因溫泉而得名。[2][3] 中國方面稱之為基阿姆（Kyam，Kiam或Kayam）溫泉[4][2][5][6]。
| 溫泉 基阿姆 | |
|---|---|
| 邊境哨所 | |
  溫泉  溫泉 | |
| 坐標：34°17′58″N 78°57′00″E / 34.2994°N 78.9501°E | |
| 國家 |  印度 |
| 一級行政區劃 | 拉達克 |
| 印度縣級行政區劃 | 列城縣 |
| 海拔[1] | 4,700 公尺（15,400 英尺） |
1959年秋，空喀山口事件就發生在附近。當時中央後備警察部隊[a]奉命來到當地建造了這個營地。 [3]施工期間，印度方面的人被中國人民解放軍俘虜。10月21日，負責尋找失蹤印度人的印度士兵遇到中國人民解放軍，雙方隨即交火。9名印度士兵在交火中死亡，1名印度士兵後來因傷去世[b][5][9]1960年代，印度人在溫泉附近豎立了一座警察紀念碑。[10]
備註
編輯- ^ The units manning the post were called "Indo-Tibetan Border Force" but they were regular members of the CRPF.[7] The present Indo-Tibetan Border Police was raised later in 1962.
- ^ B. N. Mullik dedicated his book "The Chinese Betrayal" to the nine policemen who lost their lives on 21 October 1959 near Hot Springs.[8]
參考文獻
編輯- ^ Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak (1890)，第496頁.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Geological Survey of India. Lydekker: The Geology of Kashmir and Chamba Territories and the British District of Khagan. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India XXII. Government of India. 1883: 44.
Gogra and Kyam"" In the Changchenmo valley near the halting place Gogra (Gokra) and Kyam (Kium) hot springs are numerous. ... The spring at Kyam has a temparture of 147° F.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Jindal, Akash. The Story of Hot Springs (PDF). Indian Police Journal. No. Special Issue on Police Martyrdom. Nov-Dec 2018: 20–33 [2020-01-04]. ISSN 0537-2429. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-12-31）.
(p. 22) Karam Singh of ITBF was assigned the task of establishing outposts near the Chinese Occupation Line ... 「Hot Springs」 was barely three Km far from the site where Chinese Army had intruded.
- ^ Geological Survey of India. Lydekker: The Geology of Kashmir and Chamba Territories and the British District of Khagan. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India XXII. Government of India. 1883: 44.
Gogra and Kyam"" In the Changchenmo valley near the halting place Gogra (Gokra) and Kyam (Kium) hot springs are numerous. ... The spring at Kyam has a temparture of 147° F.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Notes, Memoranda and letters Exchanged and Agreements signed between The Governments of India and China (PDF). White Paper III. Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. November 1959 – March 1960 [2020-01-04]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-12-02） –透過Claude Arpi.
[Chinese interrogation of Karam Singh] We established a checkpost at Kayam and we had to establish one at Shamul Lungpa. On 20th October, 1959, our two men missed. On the morning of 21st October 1959 Tyagi took 60 men and reached the hill (battle field). ... [Indian debriefing of Karam Singh] we had inadequate cover and the Chinese were in a favourable position ... five of us were made to carry the dead body of a Chinese soldier who had been killed.
- ^ 中华人民共和国外交部给印度驻华大使馆的照会（1965年9月16日） [Note by the Chinese Foreign Ministry to the Indian Embassy in China (16 September 1965)]. RedChinaCn.net. 2017-08-16 [2020-01-04]. （原始內容存檔於2022-12-24） （中文）.
基阿姆溫泉建立哨所
- ^ Martyrs of CRPF[失效連結], police.gov.in (Indian Police web site), Retrieved 29 January 2020.
- ^ Mullik, BN. My Years with Nehru--The Chinese Betrayal. Allied. 1971: Dedication page –透過archive.org and PAHAR.
To the memory of THE NINE POLICEMEN (capitalization in text) who were killed by the Chinese near Hotsprings in Ladakh on October 21, 1959, and who, by their supreme sacrifice, made the country aware of the true nature of Communist China.
- ^ Bhatnagar, R.R. Hot Springs: Saga of Heroism (PDF). Indian Police Journal. No. Special Issue on Police Martyrdom. Nov-Dec 2018: 16 [2020-01-04]. ISSN 0537-2429. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-12-31）.
Fighting gallantly nine men laid down their lives and ten were wounded. Later on, one of the injured also succumbed to his injuries. ... Seven men were taken Prisoners of War by PLA
- ^ Bhatnagar, R.R. Hot Springs: Saga of Heroism (PDF). Indian Police Journal. No. Special Issue on Police Martyrdom. Nov-Dec 2018: 14–19 [2020-01-04]. ISSN 0537-2429. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-12-31）.
(p. 17) Ceremonial Homage being paid at Hot Springs Memorial in 1960’s (p. 18) The day 21st Oct is befittingly observed as 「Police Commemoration Day」 and every year, members of police forces from different parts of the country trek to Hot Springs which is currently manned by ITBP to pay homage to the brave hearts who made the supreme sacrifice on 21st October 1959.