美國保守主義
美國保守主義(英語:Conservatism in the United States)是美國重要的政治哲學、社會哲學,其特徵包括尊重美國傳統、支持共和主義、古典自由主義、限制聯邦政府權力、提倡州權、小政府。在美國,保守派媒體、基督教媒體及保守主義者在政治中佔有一席之地,兩大黨之一的共和黨的主流意識形態亦為保守主義[1][2][3]。
在社會議題上,美國保守派一般支持基督教價值觀[4]、道德絕對主義[5]、傳統家庭觀[6]、美國例外論[7]和個人主義[8],反對墮胎和反對同性婚姻[9]。在經濟議題上,美國保守派一般親資本[10]、親商業、反工會。在國家議題上,美國保守派一般支持強化國家安全、支持持槍權和自由貿易[11],保護西方文化免受共產主義[12]和道德相對主義[13]的威脅。相較溫和派和自由派而言,保守派不太信任科學,尤其不信任醫學、氣候學和演化,而傾向於相信創造論[14][15][16]。
歷史學家認為1790年代以來,保守主義傳統在美國政治和文化中扮演重要作用。然而有組織的保守主義運動在政治中扮演關鍵作用則是1950年代之後的事情[17][18][19]。
概述
編輯美國保守主義史中包含着許多衝突和彼此間競爭的意識形態。財政保守主義者和自由意志保守主義者擁護資本主義、個人主義、小政府和自由放任,因此支持減稅、自由市場、去監管化、私有化、削減政府開支和政府債務[20][21]。
社會保守主義者認為植根於宗教的傳統社會價值觀受到世俗主義和道德相對主義威脅。他們傾向於支持學校內的禱告活動和基督教學校內的學券制;反對墮胎、同性婚姻和跨性別者權利[22][23][24][9][25]
新保守主義者想要將他們心目中的美國理念擴展到全世界[26],舊保守主義者則支持限制移民、不干預政策,反多元文化[27]。除一些自由意志保守主義者外,大多數保守主義者支持單邊外交政策,以及維持一支強大的軍隊。包括自由意志保守主義者在內,大多數保守主義者支持持槍權,並援引美國憲法第二修正案為論據。20世紀50年代以來的保守主義運動試圖將這些不同的派別聚集在一起,強調保守主義者需要團結起來,阻止「無神共產主義」蔓延[28]。
美國保守主義者一般認為在保守主義價值觀內的個人自由是民主的基石[29][30],他們通常認為聯邦政府的權利和各州的權利之間應存在某種平衡。除了一些右派自由意志主義之外,美國保守主義者傾向於在他們認為屬於政府合法管轄範圍的領域採取強有力的行動,特別是國防和執法方面。包含許多宗教人士在內的美國社會保守主義者們常會反對墮胎、民事結合及同性婚姻,支持學校內的基督教禱告活動和政府資助私立教會學校[31][32][6][33]。
相關條目
編輯參考資料
編輯- ^ Gramlich, John. 5 facts about Fox News [關於福克斯新聞的5個事實]. Pew Research Center. 2020-08-18 [2022-04-06]. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-04).
- ^ Evangelicalism and Politics [福音派與政治]. The American Historian. [2022-04-06]. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-29).
- ^ Bivins, Jason C. How Christian media is shaping American politics [基督教媒體如何塑造了美國的政治]. The Conversation. 2018-05-25 [2022-04-06]. (原始內容存檔於2022-07-01).
- ^ Joel D. Aberbach; Gillian Peele. Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush. Oxford UP. 2011: 260. ISBN 9780199830268.
- ^ Farmer, Brian. American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice [美國保守主義:歷史、理論與實踐]. United States: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2005: 52. ISBN 978-1904303541.
To traditional conservatives, there most definitely are moral absolutes and they can most definitely and definitively identify those moral absolutes. [傳統的保守派信仰道德絕對論,而且他們可以非常明確且肯定地確定存在絕對的道德。]
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Clyde Wilcox. Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics [基督教士兵在前進?:美國政治中的宗教權利]. Taylor & Francis. 2018: 96 [2022-06-26]. ISBN 9780429974533. (原始內容存檔於2020-04-11).
- ^ Langdale, John. Superfluous Southerners: Cultural Conservatism and the South, 1920–1990 [多餘的南方佬:文化保守主義與南方,1920–1990年]. United States: University of Missouri Press. 2012: 4. ISBN 9780826272850.
- ^ Lipsman, Ron. Liberal Hearts and Conservative Brains: The Correlation Between Age and Political Philosophy [自由的心和保守的腦:年齡與政治哲學之間的相關性]. United States: United States. 2007: 232. ISBN 9780595463206.
The American conservative system of individualism, free markets, economic competition and deep respect for tradition... [美國的保守主義系統包含着個人主義、自由市場、市場競爭和尊重傳統……]
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Cal Jillson. Texas Politics: Governing the Lone Star State. Taylor & Francis. 2011: 87 [2022-06-27]. ISBN 9780203829417. (原始內容存檔於2020-06-14).
Social conservatives focus on moral or values issues, such as abortion, marriage, school prayer, and judicial appointments. [社會保守派關注道德問題和價值觀問題,如墮胎、婚姻、學校內的禱告活動和司法任命等。]
- ^ Comparative Studies in Society and History. Vol. 29, No. 2 (Apr. 1987), p. 245. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Baldwin, Robert. Congressional Trade Votes: From NAFTA Approval to Fast-track Defeat [國會貿易投票:從批准北美自由貿易區到快速通道的失敗]. United States: Peterson Institute for International Economics. 2000: 30. ISBN 9780881322675.
Conservatism generally is associated with pro-business, anti-labor, and strong-national-defense stances, all of which lead to support for free trade principles. [保守主義通常持親商業、反工人及支持強化國家安全的立場,所有這些都導向支持自由貿易原則。]
- ^ Critchlow, Donald. Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present [辯論美國的保守主義運動:1945年至今]. United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2009: 15. ISBN 978-0742548244.
Conservatives had a fear of Communism shared by most Americans. During this time a popular anti-Communist culture emerged in America, evident in movies, television programs, community activities, and grassroots organizations. This popular anti-Communist culture generated patriotic rallies, parades, city resolutions, and an array of anti—Communist groups concerned about Communist influence in the schools, textbooks, churches, labor unions, industry, and universities. [保守派對共產主義的恐懼是大多數美國人所共有的。這一時期的美國出現了一種流行的反共文化,在電影、電視節目、社區活動和基層組織中都有體現。這種流行的反共文化產生了愛國集會、遊行、城市決議,以及一系列關注共產主義在學校、教科書、教堂、工會、工業和大學中產生的影響的反共團體。]
- ^ Pilbeam, Bruce. Anglo-American Conservative Ideology After the Cold War [冷戰後的英美保守主義意識形態]. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. 2003: 100. ISBN 978-0333997659.
For most conservatives, if there is a common culprit in explaining society's descent into moral chaos, then it is relativism—the notion that there are no absolute values or standards, merely different interpretations and perspectives. [對大多數保守派來說,如果有什麼能解釋一切社會混亂的根源,那一定指的是相對主義——沒有絕對價值或標準,只有不同解釋和觀點的思想。]
- ^ "The Reason Why Some Republicans Mistrust Science: Their Leaders Tell Them To", Naomi Oreskes, Scientific American, 2021-06, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-reason-some-republicans-mistrust-science-their-leaders-tell-them-to/ (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- ^ Hofer, Barbara; Sinatra, Gale. Science Denial: Why It Happens and What to Do About It [否認科學:為什麼會發生這種情況以及該如何應對]. Oxford University Press. 2021-08-19 [2022-11-22]. ISBN 9780190944711. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190944681.001.0001. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-16).
- ^ Jones, Jeffrey. Democratic, Republican Confidence in Science Diverges - Gallup [民主黨和共和黨對科學的信心出現分歧 - 蓋洛普]. [2021-07-16]. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-29).
- ^ Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History, p. "before the 1950s there was no such thing as a conservative movement in the United States.", Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-16418-3
- ^ Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot (1953) traced a continuous tradition since the 1790s.
- ^ Nicol C. Rae. Southern Democrats. Oxford U.P. 1994: 66 [2016-11-14]. (原始內容存檔於2020-06-26).
- ^ Hudelson, Richard. Modern Political Philosophy [現代政治哲學]. M.E. Sharpe. 1999 [2022-06-27]. ISBN 978-0765600219. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-30) –透過Google Books.
- ^ M. O. Dickerson et al., An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach (2009) p. 129.
- ^ Safire, William. The Way We Live Now: On Language; Guns, God And Gays [我們現在的生活方式:關於語言、槍支、上帝和同性戀者]. The New York Times. 2004-01-25 [2022-06-27]. (原始內容存檔於2020-04-11).
- ^ Ahoura Afshar, "The Anti-gay Rights Movement in the United States: The Framing of Religion," Essex Human Rights Review (2006) 3#1 pp. 64–79 (PDF). [2022-06-27]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2020-04-11).
- ^ Glenn Utter and Robert J. Spitzer, Encyclopedia of Gun Control & Gun Rights (2nd ed. 2011)
- ^ John Anderson; University of North Carolina John Anderson. Conservative Christian Politics in Russia and the United States: Dreaming of Christian Nations. Routledge. 2014: 136 [2022-06-27]. ISBN 978-1-317-60663-5. (原始內容存檔於2020-06-14).
Amy Lind; Stephanie Brzuzy. Battleground: M-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2008: 508 [2022-06-27]. ISBN 978-0-313-34039-0. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-01).
Kenneth M. Cosgrove. Branded Conservatives: How the Brand Brought the Right from the Fringes to the Center of American Politics. Peter Lang. 2007: 27 [2022-06-27]. ISBN 978-0-8204-7465-6. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-26).
Steven L. Danver. Encyclopedia of Politics of the American West [美國西部政治百科]. Sage Publications. 2013: 262 [2022-06-27]. ISBN 978-1-4522-7606-9. (原始內容存檔於2020-06-14). - ^ Bruce Frohnen, ed. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006) pp. ix–xiv
- ^ Michael Foley. American credo: the place of ideas in US politics [美國信條:思想在美國政治中的地位]. Oxford University Press. 2007 [2022-06-27]. ISBN 9780191528330. (原始內容存檔於2020-07-29).
Against accusations of being pre-modern or even anti-modern in outlook, paleoconservatives press for restrictions on immigration, a rollback of multicultural programmes, the decentralization of the federal polity, the restoration of controls upon free trade, a greater emphasis upon economic nationalism and isolationism in the conduct of American foreign policy, and a generally revanchist outlook upon a social order in need of recovering old lines of distinction and in particular the assignment of roles in accordance with traditional categories of gender, ethnicity, and race.
- ^ Paul Gottfried, Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right, p. 9, "Postwar conservatives set about creating their own synthesis of free-market capitalism, Christian morality, and the global struggle against Communism." (2009); Gottfried, Theologies and moral concern (1995) p. 12.
- ^ Gregory L. Schneider, The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) "The label (conservatism) is in frequent use and has come to stand for a skepticism, at times an outright hostility, toward government social policies; a muscular foreign policy combined with a patriotic nationalism; a defense of traditional Christian religious values; and support for the free-market economic system.", "Within the conservative disposition in America, there are inherent contradictions between supporters of social order and tradition and supporters of individual freedom." (2009) pp. 4–9, 136
- ^ Sherwood Thompson, Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. p. 7: "Historically...social justice became associated with liberalism in which equality is the ideal.", Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, ISBN 978-1442216044.
- ^ Busch, Andrew E. Social Conservatives and Economic Conservatives [社會保守主義者和經濟保守主義者]. Society. 2011-12-01, 49 (1): 13–23. doi:10.1007/s12115-011-9498-4 .
- ^ Lasser, William. V. The Modern Supreme Court: Crisis as Usual? [第五章 現代最高法院:危機如常?]. The Limits of Judicial Power: The Supreme Court in American Politics [司法權力的局限性:美國政治中的最高法院]. UNC Press Books. 1988: 186–188 [2019-02-23]. ISBN 9781469632469. (原始內容存檔於2021-01-13).
- ^ Glenn H. Utter; James L. True. Conservative Christians and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook [保守派基督徒和政治參與:一份參考手冊]. ABC-CLIO. 2004: 51–53 [2022-07-10]. ISBN 9781851095131. (原始內容存檔於2020-04-11).
外部連結
編輯- "The Origins of the Modern American Conservative Movement," (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) Heritage Foundation.
- "Conservative Predominance in the U.S.: A Moment or an Era?", 21 experts from the U.S. and abroad, ponder the future of conservatism.
- Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Conservatism at the University of Virginia.
- "Comparative Decades: Conservatism in the 1920s and 1980s" Lesson plans
- Mark Riebling, "Prospectus for a Critique of Conservative Reason."
- Paul Gottfried, "How Russell Kirk (And The Right) Went Wrong"
- A History of Conservative Movements – slideshow by Newsweek
- How Corporate America Invented Christian America (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Kevin M. Kruse for Politico. April 16, 2015.