腰子 (食物)

腰子是指動物的腎臟，可以食用。 ^[1]腰子可以拿來炙烤、煸、烤或燜燒。 ^[2] 例如人們在製作法國砂鍋、濃湯或西式餡餅時就可以放入腰子。 ^[3]通常人們食用的腰子來自牛、小牛、羊、豬以及雞。^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] ^[5]^[8]^[9]

腰子在冰箱中的保存時間不超過一天，不過可以冷凍。解凍後的腰子應儘快使用。 ^[2]^[10]

腰子內含有蛋白質、維生素A 、核黃素、煙酸、維生素B12、鐵、磷、鋅以及少量的維生素C。^[11]^[2]^[12]^[13]腰子^[13]是低脂食品，不過含有大量膽固醇。 ^[2]

歷史

古埃及就有人食用腰子。 ^[14]古埃及的^[15]墳墓中也發現了煮熟的腰子。^[15]^[16]

參考文獻

^ Danforth, Adam. Butchering Poultry, Rabbit, Lamb, Goat, and Pork: The Comprehensive Photographic Guide to Humane Slaughtering and Butchering. Storey Publishing. 2014-03-11: 93 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-1-61212-182-6. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Collectif, QA international Collectif QA international. The Visual Food Encyclopedia. Québec Amerique. 1996: 555–556 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-2-7644-0898-8. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.
^ Toldra, Fidel. Lawrie's Meat Science. Woodhead Publishing. 2022-08-26: 710 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-0-323-98453-9. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.
^ Company, Experts from Dole Food Experts from Dole Food; Clinic, Experts from The Mayo Experts from The Mayo; H, Experts from UCLA Center for Experts from UCLA Center for. Encyclopedia of Foods: A Guide to Healthy Nutrition. Elsevier. 2002-01-13: 308 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-0-08-053087-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Cosentino, Chris; Turkell, Michael Harlan. Offal Good: Cooking from the Heart, with Guts: A Cookbook. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. 2017-08-29: 52–54 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-0-7704-3513-4. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.
^ Woods, Sarah. Desi Kitchen. Random House. 2023-02-16 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-0-241-53776-3. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.
^ Archaeology of Meat - kidney (chicken). Chef's Mandala. 2021-05-04 [2023-07-17]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-04）（英語）.
^ Westmoreland, Susan. The Good Housekeeping Cookbook. Hearst Books. March 2004: 179 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-1-58816-398-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.
^ Sinclair, Charles. Dictionary of Food: International Food and Cooking Terms from A to Z. A&C Black. 2009-01-01 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-1-4081-0218-3. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.
^ Spry, Constance; Hume, Rosemary. The Constance Spry Cookery Book. Grub Street Publishers. 2014-01-19 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-1-909166-10-3. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.
^ K Jayathilakan; Khudsia Sultana; K Radhakrishna; A S Bawa. Utilization of byproducts and waste materials from meat, poultry and fish processing industries: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2011-02-20, 49 (3): 278–293. ISSN 0022-1155. PMC 3614052  . PMID 23729848. doi:10.1007/S13197-011-0290-7. Wikidata Q36733832 （英語）.
^ Beef, variety meats and by-products, kidneys, raw. fdc.nal.usda.gov. FoodData Central. [2023-07-18]. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-23）.
^ ^13.0 ^13.1 Lamb, variety meats and by-products, kidneys, cooked, braised. fdc.nal.usda.gov. FoodData Central. [2023-07-18]. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-23）.
^ Edwards, Nina. Offal: A Global History. Reaktion Books. 2013-06-01: 8 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-1-78023-134-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.
^ ^15.0 ^15.1 When did we start cooking for each other – and why?. National Geographic. 2022-11-21 [2023-07-17]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-13）（英國英語）.
^ Alcock, Joan Pilsbury. Food in the Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2006: 65 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-0-313-33003-2. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.

[1] Danforth, Adam. Butchering Poultry, Rabbit, Lamb, Goat, and Pork: The Comprehensive Photographic Guide to Humane Slaughtering and Butchering. Storey Publishing. 2014-03-11: 93 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-1-61212-182-6. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.

[:2-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Collectif, QA international Collectif QA international. The Visual Food Encyclopedia. Québec Amerique. 1996: 555–556 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-2-7644-0898-8. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.

[3] Toldra, Fidel. Lawrie's Meat Science. Woodhead Publishing. 2022-08-26: 710 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-0-323-98453-9. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.

[4] Company, Experts from Dole Food Experts from Dole Food; Clinic, Experts from The Mayo Experts from The Mayo; H, Experts from UCLA Center for Experts from UCLA Center for. Encyclopedia of Foods: A Guide to Healthy Nutrition. Elsevier. 2002-01-13: 308 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-0-08-053087-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.

[:0-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Cosentino, Chris; Turkell, Michael Harlan. Offal Good: Cooking from the Heart, with Guts: A Cookbook. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. 2017-08-29: 52–54 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-0-7704-3513-4. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.

[6] Woods, Sarah. Desi Kitchen. Random House. 2023-02-16 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-0-241-53776-3. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.

[7] Archaeology of Meat - kidney (chicken). Chef's Mandala. 2021-05-04 [2023-07-17]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-04）（英語）.

[8] Westmoreland, Susan. The Good Housekeeping Cookbook. Hearst Books. March 2004: 179 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-1-58816-398-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.

[9] Sinclair, Charles. Dictionary of Food: International Food and Cooking Terms from A to Z. A&C Black. 2009-01-01 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-1-4081-0218-3. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.

[10] Spry, Constance; Hume, Rosemary. The Constance Spry Cookery Book. Grub Street Publishers. 2014-01-19 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-1-909166-10-3. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.

[11] K Jayathilakan; Khudsia Sultana; K Radhakrishna; A S Bawa. Utilization of byproducts and waste materials from meat, poultry and fish processing industries: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2011-02-20, 49 (3): 278–293. ISSN 0022-1155. PMC 3614052  . PMID 23729848. doi:10.1007/S13197-011-0290-7. Wikidata Q36733832 （英語）.

[12] Beef, variety meats and by-products, kidneys, raw. fdc.nal.usda.gov. FoodData Central. [2023-07-18]. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-23）.

[:3-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Lamb, variety meats and by-products, kidneys, cooked, braised. fdc.nal.usda.gov. FoodData Central. [2023-07-18]. （原始內容存檔於2023-05-23）.

[14] Edwards, Nina. Offal: A Global History. Reaktion Books. 2013-06-01: 8 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-1-78023-134-1. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.

[:1-15] 15.0 ^15.1 When did we start cooking for each other – and why?. National Geographic. 2022-11-21 [2023-07-17]. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-13）（英國英語）.

[16] Alcock, Joan Pilsbury. Food in the Ancient World. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2006: 65 [2023-12-08]. ISBN 978-0-313-33003-2. （原始內容存檔於2023-11-10）（英語）.

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