近地系外行星
截至2021年5月7日,人類共在太陽系外發現4723顆系外行星,其中極少數位於太陽系附近[3]。美國太空總署系外行星檔案記有97顆離地球不到十秒差距(32.6光年)的系外行星[注 1][4]。與地球相距不足十秒差距的恆星超過四百顆[注 2][9],其中約60顆確知有行星系,51顆恆星肉眼可見[注 3][11],九顆包含行星系。
1998年,科學家首度宣佈在離地15.3光年的格利澤876周圍發現行星,2020年又在32光年外的顯微鏡座AU附近發現行星。比鄰星距太陽系僅4.25光年,是離地最近的恆星,2016年科學確認該星附近發現距地最近的系外行星比鄰星b。離地十秒差距範圍以21.6光年外的格利澤892系外行星最多,共有六顆。
十秒差距範圍發現的大部分系外行星軌道距圍繞旋轉的恆星很近,大多質量遠超地球,只有少數類似,12光年外的鯨魚座YZ有兩顆行星可能質量小於地球。眾多已經確認的系外行星可能是宜居星球,比鄰星b與23.6光年外的格利澤667Cc希望最大。[12]國際天文聯會2015年開展公開調查為已知系外天體起名,其中包括天苑四(10.5光年)與北落師門周圍的行星[注 4][15]。
近地系外行星
編輯° | 水星、地球和木星(用於對比) |
# | 確認多行星系 |
↑ | 據信屬宜居行星 [12] |
恆星 | 系外行星(按距恆星距離排列) | 註釋 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
名稱 | 距離 (光年) |
視星等 | 質量 (M☉) |
分配字母 [注 5] |
質量 (M🜨)[注 6] |
半徑 (R🜨) |
半長軸 (天文單位) |
軌道周期 (日) |
離心率 |
傾角 (°) |
發現手段 | 發現年份 | |
太陽° | 0 | −26.7 | 1 | 水星 | 0.055 | 0.3829 | 0.387 | 88.0 | 0.205 | — | — | — | — |
地球 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 365.3 | 0.0167 | — | — | — | |||||
木星 | 317.8 | 10.973 | 5.2 | 4333 | 0.0488 | — | — | — | |||||
比鄰星# | 4.2441 | 11.13 | 0.123 | b↑ | >1.2 | ~1.1 | 0.0486 | 11.2 | 0.109 | ~133 | 徑向速度法 | 2016 | [17][12][18][19][20],一顆候選[21] |
c | 7 | — | 1.489 | 1928 | 0.04 | 133 | 徑向速度法 | 2020 | |||||
巴納德星 | 5.958 | 9.511 | 0.144 | b | >4.2 | — | 0.430 | 232 | 0.04 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2018 | [22][23] |
沃夫359# | 7.895 | 13.54 | 0.09 | c | >3.8 | — | 0.018 | 2.69 | 0.15 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
b | >43.9 | — | 1.845 | 2938 | 0.04 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
拉蘭德21185 | 8.307 | 7.52 | 0.46 | b | >2.7 | — | 0.0789 | 12.9 | 0.12 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | [23][24] |
天苑四 | 10.489 | 3.73 | 0.781 | 埃吉爾 | 248 | — | 3.48 | 2692 | 0.07 | 89 | 徑向速度法 | 2000 | 估計另有行星一顆,岩屑盤一到兩個,星周盤一個[25][26][27] |
拉卡伊9352# | 10.721 | 7.34 | 0.489 | b | >4.2 | — | 0.068 | 9.26 | 0.03 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | 一顆候選[23][28] |
c | >7.6 | — | 0.120 | 21.8 | 0.03 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
羅斯128 | 11.007 | 11.1 | 0.168 | b↑ | >1.4 | ~1.2 | 0.0496 | 9.87 | 0.12 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | [29] |
格利澤725B# | 11.490 | 9.7 | 0.248 | b | >15.7 | — | 0.261 | 91.29 | 0.06 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
c | >13.1 | — | 0.428 | 192.4 | 0.03 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
格龍布里奇34A# | 11.618 | 8.1 | 0.38 | b | >3.03 | — | 0.072 | 11.44 | 0.094 | ~61 | 徑向速度法 | 2014 | [30][31][32] |
c | >36 | — | 5.4 | 7,600 | 0.27 | ~61 | 徑向速度法 | 2018 | |||||
天倉五# | 11.753 | 3.50 | 0.78 | g | >1.7 | — | 0.133 | 20 | 0.06 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | 四顆候選[33][34][12][35][36][37] |
h | >1.8 | — | 0.243 | 49.4 | 0.23 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
e | >3.9 | ~1.6 | 0.538 | 163 | 0.18 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
f↑ | >3.9 | — | 1.33 | 636 | 0.16 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
印第安座εA | 11.869 | 4.83 | 0.762 | b | 1032.85 | — | 11.55 | 16509.5 | 0.26 | 64.25 | 徑向速度法 | 2018 | [38][39][40] |
格利澤1061# | 11.98 | 7.52 | 0.113 | b | >1.4 | — | 0.021 | 3.204 | <0.31 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | 行星d的軌道有兩種可能[41] |
c↑ | >1.7 | — | 0.035 | 6.689 | <0.29 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
d↑ | >1.6 | — | 0.052 | 12.434 | <0.54 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
鯨魚座YZ# | 12.108 | 12.1 | 0.13 | b | >0.75 | — | 0.0156 | 1.97 | 0.0 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | 一顆候選[42][43][23] |
c | >1.2 | — | 0.0209 | 3.06 | 0.04 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
d | >1.1 | — | 0.0276 | 4.66 | 0.03 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
魯坦星# | 12.199 | 11.94 | 0.29 | c | >1.2 | — | 0.0365 | 4.72 | 0.12 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | [12][44][23] |
b↑ | >2.2 | ~1.4 | 0.09 | 18.6 | 0.03 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
d | >10.8 | — | 0.712 | 413.9 | 0.17 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
e | >9.3 | — | 0.849 | 542 | 0.03 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
蒂加登星# | 12.496 | 15.4 | 0.08 | b↑ | >1.1 | — | 0.0252 | 4.91 | 0 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [45] |
c↑ | >1.1 | — | 0.0443 | 11.41 | 0 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
卡普坦星# | 12.829 | 8.8 | 0.28 | c | >6.9 | — | 0.311 | 121 | 0.07 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2014 | [46]一顆候選但有爭議[47][23] |
沃夫1061# | 14.046 | 10.1 | 0.25 | b | >1.9 | — | 0.0375 | 4.89 | 0.03 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2015 | [12][48][23] |
c↑ | >3.6 | ~1.5 | 0.089 | 17.9 | 0.03 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2015 | |||||
d | >6.5 | — | 0.421 | 184 | 0.02 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2015 | |||||
白羊座TZ# | 14.584 | 12.298 | 0.14 | b | >30.9 | — | 0.403 | 241.883 | 0.18 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | 一顆候選[23][49][注 7] |
c | >71.6 | — | 0.870 | 767.887 | 0.33 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
格利澤674 | 14.839 | 9.38 | 0.35 | b | >11.2 | — | 0.039 | 4.69 | 0.23 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2007 | [51][52][23] |
格利澤687# | 14.840 | 9.15 | 0.41 | b | >17.2 | — | 0.163 | 38.14 | 0.17 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2014 | [53][23][49] |
c | >16.0 | — | 1.165 | 727.562 | 0.40 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
格利澤876# | 15.250 | 10.2 | 0.33 | d | 6.8 | — | 0.0208 | 1.9379 | 0.12 | 59.5 | 徑向速度法 | 2005 | [54][23] |
c | 227 | — | 0.133 | 30.228 | 0.001 | 59.5 | 徑向速度法 | 2000 | |||||
b | 720 | — | 0.213 | 61 | 0.001 | 59.5 | 徑向速度法 | 1998 | |||||
e | 15 | — | 0.342 | 124.518 | 0.18 | 59.5 | 徑向速度法 | 2010 | |||||
葛利斯832# | 16.194 | 8.67 | 0.45 | c↑ | >5.4 | ~1.7 | 0.164 | 35.65 | 0.06 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2014 | [12][55][23] |
b | >206 | — | 3.67 | 3831 | 0.06 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2008 | |||||
波江座40A | 16.386 | 4.4 | 0.84 | b | >8.5 | — | 0.224 | 42.4 | 0.04 | ~72 | 徑向速度法 | 2018 | [56] |
葛利斯3323# | 17.533 | 12.2 | 0.164 | b | >2.0 | ~1.3 | 0.0328 | 5.36 | 0.23 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | [57] |
c | >2.3 | — | 0.126 | 40.5 | 0.17 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
葛利斯251 | 18.204 | 9.65 | 0.372 | b | >4.0 | — | 0.0818 | 14.238 | 0.10 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2020 | 原有兩顆候選,後視為單顆行星[58][23][24] |
葛利斯205# | 18.592 | 7.97 | 0.63 | b | >10.3 | — | 0.109 | 16.9 | 0.11 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
c | >13.8 | — | 0.689 | 271 | 0.04 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
格利澤229A# | 18.777 | 8.14 | 0.58 | c↑ | >7.3 | — | 0.339 | 122 | 0.19 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2020 | 行星b截至2020年仍待確認[59] |
b | >8.5 | — | 0.898 | 526.1 | 0.1 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2014 | |||||
格利澤752A | 19.286 | 9.13 | 0.46 | b | >13.6 | — | 0.338 | 106.2 | 0.03 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2018 | [60][23] |
葛利斯754 | 19.289 | 12.23 | 0.18 | b | >9.8 | — | 0.277 | 78.37 | 0.03 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
葛利斯588# | 19.298 | 9.311 | 0.46 | b | >2.4 | — | 0.049 | 5.81 | 0.04 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
c | >10.3 | — | 0.53 | 206 | 0.06 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
天園增三# | 19.582 | 4.26 | 0.85 | b | >2.7 | — | 0.121 | 18.3 | 0 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2011 | 兩顆候選 [61][62][63] |
c | >2.4 | — | 0.204 | 40.1 | 0 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2011 | |||||
d | >4.8 | — | 0.350 | 90.3 | 0 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2011 | |||||
e | >4.8 | — | 0.509 | 147 | 0.29 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | |||||
葛利斯784 | 20.083 | 7.97 | 0.5 | b | >9.4 | — | 0.059 | 6.6592 | 0.05 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
葛利斯555 | 20.370 | 11.317 | 0.29 | b | >30.1 | — | 0.727 | 449.6 | 0.04 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
格利澤581# | 20.545 | 10.55 | 0.31 | e | >1.7 | — | 0.0282 | 3.15 | 0.0 | ~45 | 徑向速度法 | 2009 | 兩顆候選但有爭議,星周盤一個 [64][65][66][67] |
b | >16 | — | 0.0406 | 5.37 | 0.0 | ~45 | 徑向速度法 | 2005 | |||||
c | >5.5 | — | 0.072 | 12.9 | 0.0 | ~45 | 徑向速度法 | 2007 | |||||
葛利斯338B | 20.658 | 7 | 0.64 | b | >10.3 | — | 0.141 | 24.5 | 0.11 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2020 | [68] |
GJ 625 | 21.114 | 10.2 | 0.30 | b | >2.8 | — | 0.0784 | 14.6 | ~0.13 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2017 | [69] |
格利澤892# | 21.306 | 5.57 | 0.78 | b | 4.74 | 1.60 | 0.0388 | 3.09 | ~0 | 85.05 | 徑向速度法 | 2015 | [70][71][72] |
c | 4.36 | 1.51 | 0.065 | 6.77 | 0.062 | 87.28 | 徑向速度法 | 2015 | |||||
d | >16 | >1.61 | 0.237 | 46.9 | 0.138 | ~87 | 徑向速度法 | 2015 | |||||
f | >7.3 | >1.31 | 0.146 | 22.7 | 0.148 | ~87 | 徑向速度法 | 2015 | |||||
g | >11 | — | 0.375 | 94.2 | 0 | ~87 | 徑向速度法 | 2015 | |||||
f(e) | >108 | — | 3.11 | 2247 | 0.06 | ~87 | 徑向速度法 | 2015 | |||||
葛利澤880 | 22.399 | 8.64 | 0.59 | b↑ | >8.5 | — | 0.187 | 39.372 | 0.13 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
LTT 1445A | 22.409 | 10.529 | 0.26 | b | ~2.2 | 1.35 | 0.0381 | 5.35882 | 0.16 | 89.47 | 凌日法 | 2019 | [73] |
葛利斯393 | 22.938 | 8.65 | 0.41 | b | >1.9 | — | 0.055 | 7.027 | 0.03 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
格利澤667C# | 23.632 | 10.22 | 0.33 | b | >5.4 | — | 0.049 | 7.2 | 0.13 | ~52 | 徑向速度法 | 2009 | 疑似五顆候選 [74][12][75][76][23] |
c↑ | >3.9 | ~1.5 | 0.1251 | 28.2 | 0.03 | ~52 | 徑向速度法 | 2011 | |||||
葛利斯514 | 24.851 | 9.03 | 0.53 | b | >4.3 | — | 0.097 | 15.0 | 0.05 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
葛利斯1151 | 26.231 | 14.01 | 0.15 | b | >2.5 | — | 0.017 | 2.02 | 0 | — | 磁相互作用 | 2020 | [77][78] |
葛利斯486 | 26.351 | 11.395 | 0.32 | b | 2.82 | 1.31 | 0.0173 | 1.47 | <0.05 | 88.4 | 凌日法 | 2021 | [79] |
葛利斯300 | 26.469 | 12.13 | 0.26 | b↑ | >6.8 | — | 0.05 | 8.328 | 0.29 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
葛利斯686 | 26.612 | 9.58 | 0.42 | b | >7.1 | — | 0.097 | 15.5 | 0.04 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [80][23] |
天門增四# | 27.741 | 4.74 | 0.95 | b | >5.1 | — | 0.0502 | 4.22 | ~0.12 | ~77 | 徑向速度法 | 2009 | 星周盤一個 [81] |
c | >18 | — | 0.218 | 38 | 0.14 | ~77 | 徑向速度法 | 2009 | |||||
d | >23 | — | 0.476 | 123 | 0.35 | ~77 | 徑向速度法 | 2009 | |||||
CD Ceti | 28.08 | 14.001 | 0.161 | b | >4.0 | — | 0.0185 | 2.2907 | 0 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2020 | [82] |
牛宿增十# | 28.699 | 6.13 | 0.78 | b | >17 | — | 0.32 | 74.7 | 0.13 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2010 | [83] |
c | >24 | — | 1.18 | 526 | ~0.32 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2011 | |||||
葛利斯849# | 28.711 | 10.42 | 0.49 | b | >270 | — | 2.26 | 1905 | 0.05 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2006 | [84][23] |
c | >300 | — | 4.82 | 5,520 | 0.087 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2006 | |||||
葛利斯433# | 29.572 | 9.79 | 0.48 | b | >6.0 | — | 0.062 | 7.37 | 0.04 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2009 | [85][23][59] |
d | >5.2 | — | 0.178 | 36.1 | 0.07 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2020 | |||||
c | >32 | — | 4.82 | 5094 | 0.12 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2012 | |||||
葛利斯3325 | 30.109 | 11.73 | 0.27 | b | >11.8 | — | 0.071 | 12.92 | 0.03 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
HD 102365A | 30.374 | 4.89 | 0.85 | b | >16 | — | 0.46 | 122 | 0.34 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2010 | [86] |
葛利斯357# | 30.803 | 10.9 | 0.34 | b | 6.1 | 1.17 | 0.035 | 3.93 | 0.02 | 88.92 | 凌日法 | 2019 | [87][23] |
c | >3.6 | — | 0.061 | 9.13 | 0.04 | ~89 | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
d↑ | >7.7 | — | 0.204 | 55.7 | 0.03 | ~89 | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
格利澤176# | 30.879 | 10.1 | 0.45 | b | >8.0 | — | 0.066 | 8.77 | 0.08 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2007 | 疑似一顆行星[88][89][23] |
c↑ | >7.4 | — | 0.146 | 28.6 | 0.02 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
葛利斯479 | 30.912 | 10.663 | 0.43 | b | >5.1 | — | 0.074 | 11.3 | 0.03 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
GJ 3512# | 30.949 | 13.11 | 0.123 | b | >147 | — | 0.338 | 204 | 0.44 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [90] |
c | >54 | — | >1.2 | >1390 | — | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | |||||
顯微鏡座AU# | 31.719 | 8.63 | 0.50 | b | 17 | 4.38 | 0.0645 | 8.4629991 | 0.10 | 89.03 | 凌日法 | 2020 | [91][92] |
c | <28 | 3.51 | 0.1101 | 18.858991 | 0 | 88.62 | 凌日法 | 2020 | |||||
葛利斯436 | 31.820 | 10.67 | 0.41 | b | 21.36 | 4.33 | 0.0280 | 2.64 | 0.15 | 85.8 | 徑向速度法 | 2004 | 一顆候選[23] |
葛利斯49 | 32.145 | 8.9 | 0.57 | b | >16.4 | — | 0.106 | 17.3 | 0.03 | — | 徑向速度法 | 2019 | [23] |
排除項目
編輯與太陽系內天體不同,天文學界尚未確立正式認可系外行星的程序。國際天文聯會認為系外行星發現五年後無爭議即可確認。[93]經過跟進研究,部分初步報告提出的系外行星是否存在疑有疑問,如2007年發現,離地15.6光年的LHS 288[94]。部分系外行星經後來研究認定不存在,4.36光年外的南門二B[95][96][97]、13.9光年外的范馬南星[98]、15.9光年外的格魯姆布里奇1618[99]、16.2光年外的獅子座AD[100]、16.6光年外的格利澤682[101][102][59]、18.7光年外的VB 10[103]、25.1光年外的北落師門,這些恆星周邊都有候選行星後來否決的情況[2]。
2021年,科學家在織女一附近發現候選行星但尚待確認[104]。南門二A周圍也發現候選行星,但也可能是小行星或特定發現機制下因人為因素成像[105]。
根據國際天文聯會太陽系外行星工作組2003年的定義,行星的標準是質量不足以維持氘熱核聚變。研究計算結果表明如此規則的質量上限是約13倍木星質量,質量超過的天體通常歸入棕矮星。[106]部分候選系外行星經研究認定質量超過閾值,很可能是棕矮星,如12.6光年外的SCR 1845-6357 B[107]、29.7光年外的SDSS J1416+1348 B[108]、30光年外的WISE 1217+1626 B[109]。
部分次棕矮星或星際行星質量不足以持續核聚變,但因未繞恆星旋轉不屬系外行星,如離地7.3光年的WISE 0855–0714[110]、13光年外的UGPS 0722-05[111]、18.6光年外的WISE 1541-2250[112]、20光年外的SIMP J01365663+0933473[113]。
統計
編輯行星系
編輯系外行星數 | 行星係數 | 名稱 |
---|---|---|
6 | 1 | 格利澤892 |
5 | 0 | |
4 | 4 | 天倉五、魯坦星、格利澤876、天園增三 |
3 | 7 | 格利澤1061、鯨魚座YZ、沃夫1061、格利澤581、天門增四、葛利斯433、葛利斯357 |
2 | 19 | — |
1 | 29 | — |
合計 | 60 |
距離 (光年) |
恆星係數 | 恆星數 | 有行星的恆星數 | 有行星的恆星數佔比 |
---|---|---|---|---|
< 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 33% |
5–10 | 8 | 11 | 3 | 27% |
10–15 | 31 | 43 | 16 | 37% |
15–20 | 57 | 77 | 13 | 17% |
20–25 | 55 | 78 | 11 | 14% |
25–32.6 | ~200 | 19 | ~9% | |
合計 | >413[9] | 63 | <15.0% |
恆星可見 | 數量 |
---|---|
是 | 9 |
否 | 51 |
系外行星
編輯分類 | 質量範圍[114] | 數目 |
---|---|---|
類地行星 | 0.5至5倍 M🜨 | 47 |
超級地球 | 5至10倍 M🜨 | 24 |
類海王星行星 | 10至50倍 M🜨 | 28 |
類木星行星 | 50至600倍 M🜨 | 10 |
超級木星 | 超600倍 M🜨 | 3 |
合計 | 111 |
軌道半徑 | 數目 | 註釋 |
---|---|---|
不足0.4AU | 83 | 水星軌道0.39倍AU |
0.4到1倍AU | 16 | 地球軌道一倍AU |
1到5倍AU | 11 | |
超5倍AU | 2 | 木星軌道5.2倍AU |
軌道周期 | 數目 | 註釋 |
---|---|---|
不到90天 | 76 | 水星軌道周期88天 |
90至365天 | 17 | |
一到十年 | 14 | 木星11.9年 |
超十年 | 5 |
軌道離心率 | 數目 | 註釋 |
---|---|---|
小於0.02 | 17 | 地球軌道離心率0.0167 |
0.02至0.2 | 78 | |
水星0.205 | ||
超0.2 | 15 |
年份 | 數目 |
---|---|
1998 | 1 |
2000 | 2 |
2004 | 1 |
2005 | 2 |
2006 | 2 |
2007 | 3 |
2008 | 1 |
2009 | 6 |
2010 | 3 |
2011 | 5 |
2012 | 1 |
2014 | 5 |
2015 | 9 |
2016 | 1 |
2017 | 15 |
2018 | 5 |
2019 | 38 |
2020 | 9 |
2021 | 1 |
參見
編輯註釋
編輯- ^ 本條目數據基本取自美國太空總署系外行星檔案[4],其他數據庫也列出部分已經確認但尚未納入航空航天局檔案的近地系外行星[5][6][7]。
- ^ 例如2016年11月確知第104近的恆星系是天園增三,離地19.7光年[8]。
- ^ 3.0 3.1 波特爾暗空分類法認為,亮度至少達到6.5視星等的天體在典型鄉村夜空肉眼可見;如果條件「極佳」,肉眼可見的最黯淡天體為7.6甚至8.0視星等[10]
- ^ 恆星天苑四以北歐海洋女神瀾,其行星天苑四b以瀾的丈夫埃吉爾命名[13],行星北落師門b以古敘利亞魚神大袞命名[14][15]。
- ^ 系外行星命名約定用「b」開始的小寫英語字母為行星命名,根據按時間排列的初步報告順序分配字母,如果報告包含多顆行星則按距離恆星從近到遠排列。沒有字母說明行星尚待確認,或該項已經撤回。
- ^ 已知大部分系外行星質量誤差範圍很大(通常在一到三成)。科學家通常靠測算恆星徑向速度變化推斷系外行星質量,但這種方法只能估算行星軌道參數,算不出軌道傾角。因此,大部分系外行星只能提供質量下限估計值,同時從統計角度估計真實質量接近質量下限,但系外行星還是有一成三的可能實際質量超出質量下限兩倍。[16]
- ^ 馮氏等人2020年在《天文物理期刊》發表的文章把白羊座TZ稱為GJ9066,米科·托米(Mikko Tuomi)等人2019年發表的文獻稱為GJ83.1[50]。行星b和c是馮氏等人2020年文獻的編號,托米等人2019年的著作分別編為b和d。托米等人文獻編為c的行星未列入馮式等人2020年文章,故列入候選。
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