吠
吠主要指犬叫时发出的类似“汪”的短促的声音。其他诸如狼、 郊狼、九尾狐、鳍足类动物、胡狼、吠叫猫头鹰、麂、一些海狮科动物、草原犬鼠、一些鸟类和某些大猩猩也能发出这种声音。[1][2][3]
不过对于狼来说，这种声音只占狼所有发声中的2.4%[4][5]。狼只在警告、防御和抗议时才会发出类似于狗吠的声音。相比之下，狗在各种各样的场合都会吠，[6] 而且还能连续吠叫数小时。 [7]虽然造成这种差异的原因尚不清楚，但很有可能与狗的驯化历史有关。[7][8][9][10][11]
也不是所有的狗都能发出狗吠声。例如生活在非洲中部的巴仙吉犬由于喉部形状不同寻常，所以会发出一种与约德尔唱法类似的声音。 [12]巴辛吉犬也因此被人称作“无吠犬”。 [13]
很多人反感狗吠，因此一些养狗人士经常为此遭到投诉。同时专门切除狗声带的外科手术应运而生，不过此类手术被指不人道，在一些地区会遭到抵制[14][15][16]。
参见
编辑参考文献
编辑- ^ Walker, Matt. Burrowing US prairie dogs use complex language. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） BBC Earth News. 2 February 2010.
- ^ Lord, Kathryn., Feinstein, Mark., Coppinger, Raymond. Barking and mobbing. 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期29 June 2011. Behavioural Processes. 2009.
- ^ L. David Mech; Luigi Boitani. Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. 1 October 2010. ISBN 978-0-226-51698-1.
- ^ Schassburger, R.M. H. Frank , 编. Wolf vocalization: An integrated model of structure, motivation, and ontogeny. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk. 1987.
- ^ Coscia, E.M. Ontogeny of timber wolf vocalizations: Acoustic properties and behavioral contexts (PhD Dissertation论文). Dalhousie University.
- ^ Fedderson-Peterson, D.U. Vocalization of European wolves (Canus lupus lupus L.) and various dog breeds (Canus lupus f., fam.). Arch. Tierz (Kiel, Germany: Institut für Haustierkunde, Christian-Albrechts-University). 2000, 4: 387–397.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Coppinger, R.; M. Feinstein. 'Hark! Hark! The dogs do bark...' and bark and hark.. Smithsonian. 1991, 21: 119–128.
- ^ Belyaev, D.K.; I.Z. Plyusnina; L.N. Trut. Domestication in the silver fox (Vulpus fulvus desm.) – changes in physiological boundaries of the sensitive period of primary socialization. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 1984, 13 (4): 359–370. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(85)90015-2.
- ^ Fox, M.W. Saunders, W.B. , 编. The influence of domestication upon behavior of animals. Abnormal Behaviour in Animals (Philadelphia). 1986: 179–187.
- ^ Dechambre, E. La theorie de la foetalisation et la formation des races de chiens et de porcs. Mammalia. 1949, 13 (3): 129–137. S2CID 85263393. doi:10.1515/mamm.1949.13.3.129 （法语）.
- ^ Fox, M.W. Behavior of wolves and related canids. Malabar, FL. 1971.
- ^ Adapted from the book "Why Pandas Do Handstands," 2006, by Augustus Brown.
- ^ Tudor-Williams, Veronica. 1945 Letter from Africa. The Basenji. BCOA African Stock Project. May 1988 [21 May 2019]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-30）.
- ^ 街頭殘忍切狗聲帶. 东方日报. [2022-12-12]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-12） （中文（香港））.
- ^ Richard Murray and Helen Penridge. Dogs in the Urban Environment. Chiron Media 1992, ISBN 0-646-07157-2, pp. 21–22.
- ^ Mordecai Siegal and Matt Margolis. When Good Dogs Do Bad Things: Proven solutions to 30 common problems. Little, Brown and Co. 1986, ISBN 0-316-79012-5, pp. 33–44.