爪剑行动
爪剑行动(土耳其语:Pençe-Kılıç Operasyonu)是土耳其空军于2022年11月20日发动的空袭,空袭目标包括叙利亚民主力量位于叙利亚北部的阵地、叙利亚军队位于阿勒颇省、拉卡省、哈塞克省的阵地、库尔德斯坦工人党位于伊拉克北部的阵地。[5][6]空袭的目的是报复2022年伊斯坦布尔爆炸案,土耳其政府声称该爆炸案的幕后主使是库尔德分离主义者 [5]。
爪剑行动 | |||||
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参战方 | |||||
土耳其 |
叙利亚: 罗贾瓦 叙利亚 伊拉克: 库尔德斯坦工人党 | ||||
参战单位 | |||||
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伤亡与损失 | |||||
据叙利亚人权观察组织:[2] 1 死亡 据土耳其: 无 |
30 死亡 据土耳其:[4] 364死亡、受伤或被俘 |
过程
编辑11月20日午夜前后,土耳其飞机对叙利亚北部和伊拉克发动了一系列空袭,炸死了36名叙利亚民主力量和叙利亚士兵以及哈瓦尔通讯社驻叙利亚记者Essam Abdullah。 [7][8]
11月21日,叙利亚民主力量朝土耳其发射火箭弹,两名土耳其平民身亡。 [9]1名土耳其士兵被打死,7人受伤。 [10]
后续
编辑11月29日至30日,叙利亚政府军和伊朗支持的民兵在阿勒颇北部乡村部署了T-90主战坦克、运兵车和数百名士兵。俄罗斯军队在阿布拉村南部建立了一个军事哨所,数十名士兵和野战炮驻扎于此。 [18]
12月6日,土耳其向叙利亚民主力量下达最后通牒,要求该组织在2周内离开曼比季、泰勒里法特和科巴尼地区,否则土耳其将发动新的地面攻势。 [19]
12月19日,土耳其军队决定恢复与俄罗斯一同开展的联合巡逻行动,巡逻地点位于叙利亚北部第二缓冲区。自爪剑行动开始以来,联合巡逻行动一直处于暂停状态。 [20]
反应
编辑土耳其和叙利亚民主力量
编辑为应对可能随时到来的土耳其全面进攻,叙利亚民主力量总司令决定暂停打击伊斯兰国。[21] 11月28日,叙利亚民主力量总司令表示该组织注意到土耳其增援部队已在土耳其-叙利亚边境地区集结。 [22]
土耳其总统雷杰普·塔伊普·埃尔多安表示,土耳其对叙利亚北部库尔德民兵组织的空袭只是开始,该国将在合适的时候开展地面行动。[23] 11月28日,土耳其官员表示,土耳其军队仅需数天准备就能立即全面进攻叙利亚。 [22]
国际
编辑伊朗:阿里·哈梅内伊向埃尔多安发出警告,指出土耳其发起的军事行动严重影响地区安全。[24]一名黎巴嫩官员表示,伊朗试图让叙利亚总统巴沙尔·阿萨德和土耳其总统塔伊普·埃尔多安会面。然而一名土耳其政府高级官员表示伊朗当局实际上敌视土耳其,所以伊朗不可能出面调解,反倒是俄罗斯在幕后调解,但目前暂无进展。[25]
美国:五角大楼反对土耳其采取任何军事行动。[26]约翰·柯比在新闻发布会上表示,虽然土耳其有权保护自己的公民不受侵犯,但土方发动越境军事行动反而不利于叙利亚民主力量打击伊斯兰国[27]。
参考文献
编辑- ^ 18th day of alarming calm Turkish forces shell three villages in Al-Hasakah. SOHR. 16 December 2022 [24 December 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-23).
- ^ TAF casualties, 1 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
SNA casualties, 1 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 1 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), 1 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - ^ SDF casualties, 35 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
SAA casualties, 30 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) - ^ Bakan Akar: Pençe Kılıç Harekatı'nda 364 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi. TRT Haber. 9 December 2022 [10 December 2022]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-14).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Turkish jets hit targets in Syria, Iraq after Istanbul bomb blast. Al Jazeera. 20 November 2022 [20 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-20).
- ^ Turkey Launches Operation Claw-Sword Against Kurdish Militants In Iraq, Syria. Barron's. Agence France Presse. 20 November 2022 [20 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-23).
- ^ Death toll update The number of regime soldiers killed in Turkish airstrikes jumps to 18. SOHR. 25 November 2022 [25 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-23).
- ^ CPJ calls on Turkish authorities to investigate airstrikes that killed Hawar News Agency reporter. 保护记者委员会. 22 November 2022 [24 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-09).
- ^ Two killed in Turkey after rockets fired from Syria. Al Jazeera. 21 November 2022 [23 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-13).
- ^ Primary death toll Turkish soldier killed and seven others injured in shelling from Kurdish and regime areas. SOHR. 20 November 2022 [22 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-23).
- ^ Military escalation Turkish ground forces shell new oil field in Al-Hasakah. SOHR. 22 November 2022 [24 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-24).
- ^ 18th attack today Turkish drone attack on vehicle leaves three killed and injured in Al-Qamishly. SOHR. 24 November 2022 [24 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-23).
- ^ Turkish dramatic escalation Turkish aircraft targets area at Al-Hasakah-Al-Raqqah-Deir Ezzor triangle. SOHR. 22 November 2022 [24 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-23).
- ^ Turkish occupation warplanes shell Makman village in Deir-ez-Zor. Hawar News Agency. 22 November 2022 [24 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-24).
- ^ 8 members of the Al-Hol camp protection forces were killed as a result of the Turkish air raids that targeted their positions there yesterday. SOHR. 24 November 2022 [24 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-21).
- ^ Heavy bombardment Turkish airstrikes hit areas northern Aleppo countryside three days after aerial bombardment halted. SOHR. 27 November 2022 [27 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-27).
- ^ Turkish drone attack Five regime soldiers killed by airstrike on military post near Russian base north of Aleppo. SOHR. 27 November 2022 [27 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-27).
- ^ Largest reinforcement since Turkish military escalation Russia, regime and Iranian-backed militiamen bring in military reinforcements to Aleppo countryside. SOHR. 30 November 2022 [30 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-23).
- ^ Turkish deadline for SDF withdrawal from northern Syria: Source. Al Jazeera. 7 December 2022 [7 December 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-21).
- ^ First since Turkish escalation Russian and Turkish forces conduct joint patrol with aerial protection. SOHR. 19 December 2022 [24 December 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-07-23).
- ^ Turkey’s strikes in Syria put US troops in danger, Pentagon says. Al-Monitor. 24 November 2022 [2023-03-01]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-02).
- ^ 22.0 22.1 US-backed force in Syria wants 'stronger' warnings from Washington amid Turkey threats. France24. 28 November 2022 [28 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-15).
- ^ Devranoglu, Nevzat; Kucukgocmen, Ali. Erdogan says Turkey will launch Syria land operation when convenient. Reuters. 23 November 2022 [23 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-02).
- ^ Engelbrecht, Cora. Iran warns Turkey against new incursion into northern Syria.. 19 July 2022 [2023-03-01]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-31) –通过NYTimes.com.
- ^ Turkish strikes on Kurds stoke tensions with Syria as well. AP NEWS. 23 November 2022 [2023-03-01]. (原始内容存档于2023-04-15).
- ^ Another Major Turkish Military Ground Incursion Very Likely Amid Rising Tensions in Syria Experts Say. VOA. [2023-03-01]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-16).
Pentagon opposed to military action. Washington is known to have long opposed a major incursion by Turkey because it would disrupt the stability in the region.
- ^ Ward, Alexander; Berg, Matt; Ukanye, Lawrance. U.S. and Russia ‘can’t stop’ Turkey’s new Syria incursion. Politico. 22 November 2022 [23 November 2022]. (原始内容存档于2023-03-16).
- ^ Turkey summons Swedish ambassador over 'insulting' images of Erdogan. euronews. 22 November 2022 [2023-03-01]. (原始内容存档于2023-02-09).
- ^ Protesters in Germany and Cyprus condemn Turkey’s airstrikes. euronews. 21 November 2022 [2023-03-01]. (原始内容存档于2023-05-29).