用户:Simon 1996/沙盒/25

国民院 Nationalrat（德语） Conseil national（法语） Consiglio nazionale（意大利语） Cussegl naziunal（罗曼什语）
种类
种类	Lower house
领导
President	Jürg Stahl（SVP/UDC, ZH） 28 Nov 2016 – 27 Nov 2017
First Vice President	Dominique de Buman（CVP/PDC, FR） 28 Nov 2016 – 27 Nov 2017
Second Vice President	Marina Carobbio Guscetti（SP/PS, TI） 28 Nov 2016 – 27 Nov 2017
结构
议员	200
政党	瑞士联邦委员会 (168)   SVP/UDC 65   SP/PS 43   FDP/PLR 33   CVP/PDC 27 在野党 (32)   Greens (GPS/PES) 11   BDP/PBD 7   GLP/PVL 7   EVP/PEV 2   LdT 2   MCG 1   PdA 1   CSP OW 1
选举
投票制度	Party-list proportional representation Hagenbach-Bischoff system
上届选举	18 October 2015
会议地点
Federal Palace of Switzerland, Bern
网址
http://www.parliament.ch/

国民院 (德语：Nationalrat, 法语：Conseil national, 意大利语：Consiglio nazionale, 罗曼什语：Cussegl naziunal)是瑞士联邦议会的下议院，上议院为联邦院。拥有200席位，国民院是这两个议院中的较大的一个。

Adult citizens elect the council's members, who are called National Councillors for four year terms. These members are apportioned to the Swiss cantons in proportion to their population.

Both houses meet in the Federal Palace of Switzerland in Berne.

Organisation

With 200 members, the National Council is the larger house of the Swiss legislature.

When the Swiss federation was founded in 1848, the number of seats was not yet fixed, but was determined by the population of the individual cantons. According to the provisions of the federal constitution at that time, a canton was to receive one National Council member for every 20,000 citizens. Thus, the first National Council, which met in 1848, had 111 members.

In 1963, the number of members was fixed at 200. The division of the seats between the individual cantons is determined by each canton's percentage of the national population, as revealed in the national census (including foreign residents), using the largest remainder method. A change in the division of the seats occurred in 2003, as a result of the 2000 census.

Every canton is entitled to at least one seat in the National Council.

Electoral system

Template:Confusing section Elections are held for the National Council every four years by the Swiss people. The most recent election took place on Sunday, 18 October 2015.

Since a popular initiative in 1918, elections have been by proportional representation, in which each canton forms an electoral district (Wahlkreis). There is no election threshold. Since 1971 women have been entitled to vote and stand in National Council elections.

Since the reform of the census system and the adoption of the use of government administrative data for determining the population in 2007, the distribution of the seats in the National Council between the cantons has been based on the permanent resident population (including residents who are not entitled to vote) in the year following the most recent federal election. There is a proviso that each canton is entitled to at least one seat.

The number of seats given to the cantons which are entitled to more than one seat is determined using the largest remainder method. Cantons which can are only entitled to send one councillor to the National Council, elect the candidate who wins a majority of votes.

The cantons use a unique system of proportional representation, sometimes called a "free list". Each citizen may cast as many votes as there are seats available to their constituency, and may even cast up to two votes for the same candidate. For every vote received by a candidate, that candidate's party also receives a vote. Voters also list a party vote, in which all blank candidate votes contribute towards the parties total.

In elections, political parties publish lists in the cantons with their candidates. Each list contains at most the number of candidates which the canton is entitled to send to the National Council. Each voter is entitled to vote for as many candidates as their canton is entitled to send to the National Council; so an inhabitant of the Canton of Zurich can vote for 35 candidates, while an inhabitant of the Canton of Uri can only vote for one.

It is possible for one or more candidates to be listed twice. In addition, each party can produce multiple lists to the canton (e.g. men's, women's, youth, or seniors' lists; in larger cantons they might offer lists for individual cities or districts). It is also possible for several parties to enter a single shared list.

Election results for the National Council, 2015

Voters are entitled to choose a pre-prepared party list without making changes or they can alter it by cumulative voting or panachage. Thus, the voter can give his vote to a specific candidate and ignore the rest of that candidate's party. Alternatively, it is possible for the voter to split his or her vote among several candidates from different parties.

The seats are then apportioned using the Hagenbach-Bischoff System. This system is unique in that it allows voters to split their vote across different parties, depending on which candidate the voter prefers.

Fictional voter

To determine a party's strength, the notion of "fictional voter" was introduced and is defined by the Swiss Federal Statistical Institute as: number of votes obtained by party A * (number of valid ballots / number of valid votes). Individual voters can choose to make fewer than the permissible number of votes. The number of valid votes / number of valid ballots closely matches the number of deputies a canton needs to elect. More exactly, this number represents the average number of valid votes per voter. The formula can then be summed up by: number of votes obtained by party A / average of valid votes per voters.

The result is the number of fictional voters for a given party in a given canton. A total number of fictional voters can then be established and the party strength can be deduced.

The number of deputies in each party is determined at the cantonal level using proportional representation with the Hagenbach-Bischoff system (except in single-member cantons.) The election's turnout is computed as: number of valid ballots cast / number of registered voters.

Role

The forechamber of the National Council hall

National Council hall during a session

The role and powers of the National Council are regulated by the Bundesgesetz über die Bundesversammlung (Parlamentsgesetz) (The Federal Law on the Federal Parliament (Parliament-Law)) and the fifth article of the Swiss Federal Constitution. The National Council, together with the Council of States, forms the Federal Parliament and exercises the highest legal authority in Switzerland, subject to the rights of the people and the cantons. Both chambers of the Federal Parliament are called "councils" (Räte). The National Council and the Council of States do not meet daily, but meet regularly for sessions. Usually, there are four sessions in a year, each lasting three weeks, with between two and five sittings per week. The spring session (Frühjahrssession) begins on the first Monday in March, the summer session (Sommersession) on the first Monday in June, the Autumn session (Herbstsession) after the Federal Day, and the winter session (Wintersession) on the last Monday in November. During the sessions, proposed legislation is debated. If there is not enough time in the regular sessions, an extra session can be convened. In special situations (political crises, wars, etc.) a quarter of the members of one of the two councils or the Federal Council can convene an extraordinary session. To date, there have been eight extraordinary sessions, most of them called by the social democratic parliamentary group.

Extraordinary sessions of the National Council

Date	Reason/event
July 1891	Introduction of the federal currency monopoly
6-7 February 1985	Response to Forest dieback
9-11 October 1986	Energy policy after the Chernobyl disaster
22-23 January 1998	Tax loopholes and merger/economic policy (merger of UBS and SBV)
16 November 2001	Financing Swissair
3 October 2002	minimum interest rate («employment pension»)
1 October 2007	Tax issues
8 December 2008	Financial crisis

Powers

The National Council and the Council of States are constitutionally completely equal - a bill is only law when it has been accepted by both councils in the same version. All business is considered by both councils in turn. The presidents of the councils decide together which council will handle a given matter first (Erstrat)

Sometimes, after the first reading, the National Council and the Council of States end up producing different texts, in which case a difference resolution procedure takes place, in which the bill is sent back and forth between the two councils. After a bill has been sent back three successive times, the two councils must meet together to discuss the matter.

Each year the National Council elects a President of the National Council, who leads sessions of the National Council and joint sessions of the National Council and the Council of States. This office is distinct from and ranks lower than the President of the Swiss Confederation.

Committees

• Foreign Affairs Committee (FAC)
• Committee for Science, Education and Culture (CSEC)
• Committee for Social Security and Health (CSSH)
• Committee for the Environment, Spatial Planning and Energy (CESPE)
• Defence Committee (DefC)
• Committee for Transportation and Telecommunications (CTT)
• Committee for Economic Affairs and Taxation (CEAT)
• Political Institutions Committees (PIC)
• Committee for Legal Affairs (CLA)
• Committee for Public Buildings (CPB)

Supervisory committees

• Finance Committee (FC)
• Control Committees (CC)
• Parliamentary investigation committees (PIC)

Other committees

• Committee on Pardons
• Rehabilitation Committee
• Drafting Committee
• Judicial Committee

Members per canton

Development of composition of the Swiss National Council, 1919-2011

Abbr	Canton	Number of Seats	Population (2009)	Population per seat
ZH	Template:Country data Zurich	35	1,406,083	41,355
BE	伯尔尼州	25	985,046	37,886
LU	卢塞恩州	10	381,966	38,197
UR	乌里州	1	35,382	35,382
SZ	施维茨州	4	147,904	36,976
OW	上瓦尔登州	1	35,878	35,878
NW	下瓦尔登州	1	41,311	41,311
GL	格拉鲁斯州	1	39,217	39,217
ZG	楚格州	3	113,597	37,866
FR	弗里堡州	7	284,668	40,667
SO	索洛图恩州	6	259,836	37,119
BS	巴塞尔城市州	5	194,090	38,818
BL	巴塞尔乡村州	7	277,973	39,710
SH	沙夫豪森州	2	77,139	38,570
AR	外阿彭策尔州	1	53,313	53,313
AI	内阿彭策尔州	1	15,789	15,789
SG	圣加仑州	12	483,101	40,258
GR	格劳宾登州	5	193,388	38,678
AG	阿尔高州	16	624,681	41,645
TG	图尔高州	6	254,528	42,421
TI	提契诺州	8	336,943	42,118
VD	沃州	18	725,944	40,330
VS	瓦莱州	8	317,022	39,628
NE	纳沙泰尔州	4	173,183	34,637
GE	日内瓦州	11	472,530	42,957
JU	汝拉州	2	70,542	35,271

See also

• List of Presidents of the National Council of Switzerland
• List of members of the National Council of Switzerland, 2007–11
• List of members of the National Council of Switzerland, 2003–07

Bibliography

• Federal Chancellor Corina Casanova (编), The Swiss Confederation – A Brief Guide 2015 (PDF), Berne, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Chancellery (FCh) of the Swiss Confederation, 28 April 2015 [2016-01-04]