田螺科
主扭舌目的一科软体动物
田螺泛指田螺科（學名：Viviparidae）的淡水腹足綱軟體動物。平均只有拇指頭大小，有角質口蓋（螺厴），殼口相對比較大。螺螄是田螺科動物的通稱[4]。很多淡水魚類喜歡吃田螺。田螺體內很容易生長寄生蟲。
田螺科 化石時期：
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| An alive but retracted individual of Viviparus contectus, showing the 螺厴 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 軟體動物門 Mollusca |
| 綱： | 腹足綱 Gastropoda |
| 亞綱： | 新進腹足亞綱 Caenogastropoda |
| 目： | 主扭舌目 Architaenioglossa |
| 總科： | 田螺總科 Viviparoidea |
| 科： | 田螺科 Viviparidae J. E. Gray, 1847[2] |
| 多樣性[3] | |
| 125–150 freshwater species | |
根據在2005年的《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，田螺科屬主扭舌目的成員。
分佈
編輯This family occurs nearly worldwide in temperate and tropical regions, with the exception that they are absent from 南美洲. There are two genera of Viviparidae in Africa: Bellamya and Neothauma.[5]
分類
編輯舊屬前鰓亞綱的中腹足目，田螺科目前是主扭舌類的成員[6][7]，約有17屬百餘種。根據2005年的《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，田螺科物種大致可分為三個亞科[6]：
- 田螺亞科 Viviparinae Gray, 1847 (1833) - synonyms: Paludinidae Fitzinger, 1833 (inv.); Kosoviinae Atanackovic, 1859 (n.a.)
- 環棱螺亞科 Bellamyinae Rohrbach, 1937 - synonym: Amuropaludinidae Starobogatov, Prozorova, Bogatov & Sayenko, 2004 (n.a.)
- 平圓螺亞科 Lioplacinae Gill, 1863 - synonym: Campelomatinae Thiele, 1929
屬
編輯田螺科包括下列各屬：
田螺亞科 Viviparinae Gray, 1847 (1833)
編輯- Galizgia Mikhaylovskiy, 1903
- † Kosovia Atanacković, 1959
- 河螺屬 Rivularia Heude, 1890[8]
- Trochopaludina Starobogatov, 1985
- Tulotoma Haldeman, 1840
- 田螺屬 Viviparus Montfort, 1810：模式屬，目前只餘下六個現生種。異名有：Vivipara（詞性錯誤，不採用）、Contectiana Bourguignat, 1880、Hazayipaludina Chernogorenko & Starobogatov, 1987、Kobeltipaludina Chernogorenko & Starobogatov, 1987、Paludina Férussac, 1812
環棱螺亞科 Bellamyinae Rohrbach, 1937
編輯- Amuropaludina Moskvicheva, 1979
- 角螺屬 Angulyagra Rao, 1931[9]
- 環螺螄屬 Anularya L.-J. Zhang & S.-C. Chen, 2015：只見於中國雲南，其物種舊屬螺螄屬[10][11]
- Anulotaia Brandt, 1968
- 環棱螺屬 Bellamya Jousseaume, 1886：亞科的模式屬；
- Boganmargarya Thach, 2018
- Genus Chlorostracia Mabille, 1889
- 圓田螺屬 Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912[10][9]
- Eyriesia P. Fischer, 1885
- Filopaludina Habe, 1964
- Heterogen Annandale, 1921：就只有一個物種，就是Heterogen longispira (E. A. Smith, 1886)；
- Idiopoma Pilsbry, 1901
- Larina A. Adams, 1851[1]
- 螺螄屬 Margarya G. Nevill, 1877：只見於中國雲南，和圓田螺屬關係較近[10]。
- 湄公螺屬 Mekongia Crosse & P. Fischer, 1876
- Neclarina Iredale, 1943
- Neothauma E. A. Smith, 1880
- Notopala Cotton, 1935[12]
- 石田螺屬 Sinotaia F. Haas, 1939：和石田螺屬關係較近[10]。
- Taia Annandale, 1918
- 璽螺螄屬 璽螺螄屬 He, 2013[11]：只見於中國雲南，有兩個物種，均舊屬螺螄屬[10]。
- † Temnotaia Annandale, 1919
- Torotaia F. Haas, 1939
- 擬小螺屬 Trochotaia Brandt, 1974[13]
- Genus Centrapala Cotton, 1935 accepted as Larina A. Adams, 1855
- Genus Dactylochlamys Rao, 1925 accepted as Angulyagra Rao, 1931 (invalid: junior homonym of Dactylochlamys Lauterborn, 1901; Angulyagra is a replacement name)
- Genus Eularina Iredale, 1943 accepted as Larina A. Adams, 1855 (unnecessary replacement name for Larina, by Iredale treated as a junior homonym of Larinus Germar, 1824)
- Genus Lecythoconcha Annandale, 1920 accepted as Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912
- Genus Notopalena Iredale, 1943 accepted as Notopala Cotton, 1935
- Genus Robinsonia G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1869 accepted as Neclarina Iredale, 1943 (Invalid: junior homonym of Robinsonia Grote, 1865 [Lepidoptera]; Neclarina is a replacement name)
- Genus Siamopaludina Brandt, 1968 accepted as Filopaludina (Siamopaludina) Brandt, 1968 represented as Filopaludina Habe, 1964
- Genus Ussuripaludina Zatravkin & Bogatov, 1987 accepted as Cipangopaludina (Ussuripaludina) Zatravkin & Bogatov, 1987 accepted as Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912
平圓螺亞科 Lioplacinae Gill, 1863
編輯異名有Campelomatinae Thiele, 1929
- Campeloma Rafinesque, 1819
- 平圓螺屬 Lioplax Troschel, 1856[14]：異名有Haldemania Tryon, 1862（次異名）
- †Albianopalin Hamilton-Bruce, Smith & Gowlett-Holmes, 2002[15]：得名於澳大利亞新南威爾斯州的阿爾布（Albian）[15]。
- †Apameaus Sivan, Heller & van Damme, 2006[16] This Pliocene-Pleistocene genus contains only one species Apameaus apameae Sivan, Heller & van Damme, 2006
- †Fretacaeles Hamilton-Bruce & Kear, 2006
- †Kaya Van Damme & Pickford, 1999
- †Lioplacodes Meek, 1864
- †Macromargarya Ying, Fürsich & Schneider, 2013
- †Metohia Popović, 1964 ：次異名，因為已有Metohia Absolon, 1927（一種介形綱動物）使用了本屬名。
- †Popovicia Neubauer & Harzhauser in Neubauer et al., 2015
- †Proviviparus
- †Proviviparus talbragarensis [17]
Life cycle
編輯Life spans have been reported from 3 to 11 years in various species of Viviparidae.[18]
參考資料
編輯- ^ 1.0 1.1 Kear, B. P.; Hamilton-Bruce, R. J.; Smith, B. J.; Gowlett-Holmes, K. L. Reassessment of Australia's oldest freshwater snail, Viviparus (?) albascopularis Etheridge, 1902 (Mollusca : Gastropoda : Viviparidae), from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian, Wallumbilla Formation) of White Cliffs, New South Wales. Molluscan Research. 2003, 23 (2): 149–158. doi:10.1071/MR03003 （英語）.
- ^ Gray J. E. (November 1847) (1833). "A list of genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyma and types". Proceedings of the Zoological Society in London, 15: 129-182. Viviparidae at page 155.
- ^ Strong E. E., Gargominy O., Ponder W. F. & Bouchet P. (2008). "Global Diversity of Gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in Freshwater". Hydrobiologia 595: 149-166. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9012-6.
- ^ 夏征農, 羅竹風, 馬飛海等. 辭海[M]. 北京: 商務印書館, 2000: 1, 2254.
- ^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為
Brown 1994的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 6.0 6.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.
- ^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.
- ^ Van Bocxlaer, Bert; Strong, Ellen E; Richter, Romy; Stelbrink, Björn; Rintelen, Thomas Von. Anatomical and genetic data reveal that Rivularia Heude, 1890 belongs to Viviparinae (Gastropoda: Viviparidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2017-12-14, 182 (1): 1–23. ISSN 0024-4082. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx014 （英語）.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Fresh water molluscan species in India (PDF): 11 pp. 2010-07-29 [2010-07-31] （英語）.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 引用錯誤：沒有為名為
guokr的參考文獻提供內容 - ^ 11.0 11.1 Zhang, L. J.; Chen, S. C.; Yang, L. T.; Jin, L.; Köhler, F. Systematic revision of the freshwater snail Nevill, 1877 (Mollusca: Viviparidae) endemic to the ancient lakes of Yunnan, China, with description of new taxa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2015, 174 (4): 760–800. doi:10.1111/zoj.12260
.
- ^ River Snail (Notopala sublineata) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. accessed 26 September 2010
- ^ Du L.-N., Yang J.-X. & Chen X.-Y. (2011). "A new species of Trochotaia (Caenogastropoda: Viviparidae) from Yunnan, China". Molluscan Research 31(2): 85-89. abstract （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- ^ 余汶. 华南白垩纪和早第三纪非海相腹足类化石及其地层意义. 《古生物學報》（Acta Palaeontologica Sinica）. 1977, 16 (2): 191–216 （中文（簡體））.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Hamilton-Bruce, R. J.; Smith, B. J.; Gowlett-Holmes, K. L. Descriptions of a new genus and two new species of viviparid snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Viviparidae) from the Early Cretaceous (middle-late Albian) Griman Creek Formation of Lightning Ridge, northern New South Wales (PDF). Records of the South Australian Museum. 2002, 35: 193–203 （英語）.
- ^ Sivan, N.; Heller, J.; van Damme, D. Fossil Viviparidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Levant. Journal of Conchology. 2006, 39 (2): 207–220 [2021-08-26]. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-08）.
- ^ Michael Frese & Winston Ponder (2021) Proviviparus talbragarensis gen. et sp. nov., the first viviparid snail from the Late Jurassic of Australia, Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 45:3, 344-353, DOI: 10.1080/03115518.2021.1940276
- ^ Heller, J. Longevity in molluscs. Malacologia. 1990, 31 (2): 259–295.
延伸閱讀
編輯- Hirano T., Saito T. & Chiba S. (2015). "Phylogeny of freshwater viviparid snails in Japan". Journal of Molluscan Studies 81(4): 435–441. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyv019.
- Qian Z.-X., Fang Y.-F. & He J. (2014). "A conchological review of Bellamyinae (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) of China". Shell Discoveries 1(3): 3-12.
