維基百科

陰莖棘

提示：此條目的主題不是陰莖骨。

陰莖棘是許多哺乳動物進化出的角質結構，位於龜頭和/或陰莖的體部表面，並有可能在性選擇中發揮作用。這些刺狀物可能是簡單的，單尖段結構（獼猴）或是複雜的，有著兩到三個尖端的結構（原猴）。[1] 陰莖棘的形態可能與交配系統有關。[2][3]

家貓的陰莖棘

人類之外的哺乳動物

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更多資訊：斑鬣狗 § 繁殖、馬島長尾狸貓和貓 § 繁殖

貓科動物，尤其是家貓，是人們熟知的擁有陰莖棘的動物。當公貓抽出陰莖時，陰莖棘會刮過母貓的陰道壁。這一行為可能有助於誘發母貓排卵。[4][5] 許多其他貓科動物也有陰莖棘，但是美洲豹和美洲獅的陰莖棘較小，而虎貓沒有陰莖棘。[6]

黑猩猩和老鼠的陰莖棘是小型的表面突起物，由最外層皮膚表面角化的細胞層堆積而成。[7][8] 這存在於袋熊，[9] 考拉，[10] 斑鬣狗，[11][12] 馬島長尾狸貓，[13] 針鼴，[14] 靈長類，[15][16][17] 蝙蝠，[18] 和若干種齧齒類動物身上。[19]

陰莖棘通常存在於那些交配過後會留下交配塞的靈長類動物身上。[20] 在嬰猴的交配過程中，陰莖棘可能會形成一種「生殖鎖」。[21]

人類

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與黑猩猩相對，珍珠疹是一種人類身上的常見形態變異。珍珠疹更大，看上去像是表面和底層連接的組織層外翻，並缺乏豐富的神經支配。[22][23] 珍珠疹有時被稱為陰莖棘退化後的殘留結構。[7] 儘管這些結構之間的聯繫仍然不確定。[24]

當人族分成人屬和黑猩猩屬的時候，人屬丟失了一段與小型角化陰莖棘形成有關的DNA調控序列。這一陰莖結構的簡化可能和人類的性交習慣有關。[25] 在一些保留了完整基因表達的物種之中，陰莖棘與更強烈的性快感和更快的高潮有關。[26] 一個位於雄激素受體基因基因座附近的人類特異性保守缺失基因片段可能導致了人類失去陰莖棘。[25]

鳥類

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鳥類的陰莖上有刺和刷狀的纖維。[27]

另見

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參考資料

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  1. ^ Alan F. Dixson. Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford University Press. 26 January 2012 [27 September 2013]. ISBN 978-0-19-954464-6. 
  2. ^ Orr, Teri J., and Patricia LR Brennan. "All Features Great and Small—the Potential Roles of the Baculum and Penile Spines in Mammals." Integrative and Comparative Biology (2016): icw057.
  3. ^ Stockley, P. "Sperm competition risk and male genital anatomy: comparative evidence for reduced duration of female sexual receptivity in primates with penile spines. 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2017-02-06." Evolutionary Ecology 16.2 (2002): 123-137.
  4. ^ Virginia Douglass Hayssen; Ari Van Tienhoven. Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-specific Data . Cornell University Press. 1993 [27 September 2013]. ISBN 978-0-8014-1753-5. spines. 
  5. ^ Aronson, L. R.; Cooper, M. L. Penile Spines of the Domestic Cat: Their Endocrine-behavior Relations (PDF). Anat. Rec. 1967, 157 (1): 71–78. PMID 6030760. S2CID 13070242. doi:10.1002/ar.1091570111. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-06-20）. 
  6. ^ Swanson, W. F., et al. "Reproductive status of endemic felid species in Latin American zoos and implications for ex situ conservation." Zoo Biology 22.5 (2003): 421-441.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Hill, W.C.O. Note on the male external genitalia of the chimpanzee. Proc.Zool.Soc. Lond. 116, 129–132 (1946)
  8. ^ Murakami, R. A histological study of the development of the penis of wild-type and androgen-insensitive mice. J. Anat. 153, 223–231 (1987)
  9. ^ Hogan, Lindsay A., Tina Janssen, and Stephen D. Johnston. "Wombat reproduction (Marsupialia; Vombatidae): an update and future directions for the development of artificial breeding technology." Reproduction 145.6 (2013): R157-R173.
  10. ^ Larry Vogelnest; Timothy Portas. Current Therapy in Medicine of Australian Mammals. Csiro Publishing. 1 May 2019. ISBN 978-1-4863-0752-4. 
  11. ^ Drea, C. M., et al. "Exposure to naturally circulating androgens during foetal life incurs direct reproductive costs in female spotted hyenas, but is prerequisite for male mating." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 269.1504 (2002): 1981-1987.
  12. ^ R. F. Ewer. The Carnivores. Cornell University Press. 1998: 116 [23 July 2013]. ISBN 978-0-8014-8493-3. 
  13. ^ Köhncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. Cryptoprocta ferox (PDF). Mammalian Species. 1986, (254): 1–5 [19 May 2010]. JSTOR 3503919. doi:10.2307/3503919. 
  14. ^ Larry Vogelnest; Rupert Woods. Medicine of Australian Mammals. Csiro Publishing. 18 August 2008 [23 July 2013]. ISBN 978-0-643-09928-9. 
  15. ^ Harcourt, A. H., and J. Gardiner. "Sexual selection and genital anatomy of male primates." Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 255.1342 (1994): 47-53.
  16. ^ Dixson, A. F. Observations on the evolution of the genitalia and copulatory behaviour in male primates. Journal of Zoology. 1987, 213 (3): 423–443. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb03718.x. 
  17. ^ L. Alterman; Gerald A. Doyle; M.K. Izard. Creatures of the Dark. Springer Science & Business Media. 9 March 2013. ISBN 978-1-4757-2405-9. 
  18. ^ Elizabeth G. Crichton; Philip H. Krutzsch. Reproductive Biology of Bats. Academic Press. 12 June 2000. ISBN 978-0-08-054053-5. 
  19. ^ Dewsbury, Donald A. "On the function of the multiple-intromission, multiple-ejaculation copulatory patterns of rodents." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 18.4 (1981): 221-223.
  20. ^ Dunham, A. E., and V. H. W. Rudolf. "Evolution of sexual size monomorphism: the influence of passive mate guarding." Journal of evolutionary biology 22.7 (2009): 1376-1386.
  21. ^ Dixson, A. F. "Sexual selection, genital morphology, and copulatory behavior in male galagos." International Journal of Primatology 10.1 (1989): 47-55.
  22. ^ Glicksman, JM and Freeman, RG. Pearly penile papules. A statistical study of incidence. Arch. Dermatol. 93:56-59 (1966)
  23. ^ Agrawal, SK et al. Pearly penile papules: a review. Int. J. Dermatology 43:199-201 (2004)
  24. ^ Penile spines versus pearly penile papules in humans
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 McLean, CY; Reno, PL; et al. Human-specific loss of regulatory DNA and the evolution of human-specific traits.. Nature. 10 March 2011, 471 (7337): 216–9. Bibcode:2011Natur.471..216M. PMC 3071156  . PMID 21390129. doi:10.1038/nature09774. 
  26. ^ Paleoanthropology, Genetics, and Evolution
  27. ^ Frank B. Gill. Ornithology. Macmillan. 6 October 2006: 414– [5 December 2012]. ISBN 978-0-7167-4983-7. 

外部連結

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取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=阴茎棘&oldid=85499082」