古代近东
古代近东或古近东（英文：ancient Near East）是早期文明的发源地，即今中东一带：美索不达米亚（今伊拉克、土耳其东南部及叙利亚东北部）、古埃及（纵然埃及大部分地理上属于非洲东北部）、古伊朗（埃兰、米底、帕提亚及古波斯）、安那托利亚／小亚细亚（今土耳其及亚美尼亚）、 黎凡特 (今叙利亚、黎巴嫩、以色列、巴勒斯坦国及约旦）、塞浦路斯及阿拉伯半岛。
古代近东见于近东考古学及古代史的研究。古代近东始于前4千年苏美尔文明的兴起，至于何时终结，众说纷纭：有指历经铜器时代及铁器时代；亦有指直至前6世纪阿契美尼德王朝或前4世纪的亚历山大大帝的征服为止。
古代近东被视为文明的发源地。该地域最早实行全年集约农业；向世界最传播最早的书写系统；先后发明陶轮、车轮及水车轮；建立最早的中央集权政府、法典及帝国；推行社会阶级、奴隶制；发动战争；以及为天文学及数学等领域奠基。
参考文献 编辑
外部链接 编辑
- The History of the Ancient Near East（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） — A database of the prehistoric Near East as well as its ancient history up to approximately the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans ...
- Vicino Oriente[永久失效链接] — Vicino Oriente is the journal of the Section Near East of the Department of Historical, Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences of Antiquity of Rome ‘La Sapienza’ University. The Journal, which is published yearly, deals with Near Eastern History, Archaeology, Epigraphy, extending its view also on the whole Mediterranean with the study of Phoenician and Punic documents. It is accompanied by ‘Quaderni di Vicino Oriente’, a monograph series.
- Ancient Near East.net — an information and content portal for the archaeology, ancient history, and culture of the ancient Near East and Egypt
- Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Freer Gallery houses a famous collection of ancient Near Eastern artefacts and records, notebooks and photographs of excavations in Samarra (Iraq), Persepolis and Pasargadae (Iran)
- The Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives The archives for The Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery houses the papers of Ernst Herzfeld regarding his many excavations, along with records of other archeological excavations in the ancient Near East.
- Ancient Near East.org—a database of the prehistoric Near East as well as its ancient history up to approximately the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans
- Archaeowiki.org—a wiki for the research and documentation of the ancient Near East and Egypt
- ETANA （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） — website hosted by a consortium of universities in the interests of providing digitized resources and relevant web links
- Resources on Biblical Archaeology
- Ancient Near East Photographs（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） This collection, created by Professor Scott Noegel, documents artifacts and archaeological sites of the ancient Near East; from the University of Washington Libraries Digital Image Collection
- Near East Images （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） A directory of archaeological images of the ancient Near East
- Bioarchaeology of the Near East （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） An Open Access journal