塞尔柱王朝
塞尔柱王朝（波斯语： آل سلجوق，Al-e Saljuq）是中世纪时期由乌古斯突厥人建立起的逊尼派穆斯林王朝[1][2][3]，后期王朝成员逐渐波斯化，为中世纪时期西亚及中亚地区突厥-波斯文化的发展打下了基础[4][5]。塞尔柱王朝曾建立大塞尔柱帝国以及罗姆苏丹国，统治区域东起波斯、西达安纳托利亚高原，王朝的扩张使安纳托利亚、高加索等地突厥化，也间接地引发了第一次十字军东征。
| 国家 | 大塞尔柱帝国 罗姆苏丹国 |
|---|---|
| 头衔 | |
| 创立 | 10世纪 - 塞尔柱 |
| 解体 | 大马士革: 1104 - Muhi ad-Din Baqtash被废黜 大塞尔柱帝国: 1307 - 梅苏德二世去世 |
历史 编辑
塞尔柱人源自于突厥乌古斯人分支[6][7][8][9]，他们在9世纪生活于穆斯林世界边缘，包含中亚的里海北部和咸海、哈萨克草原、突厥斯坦阿姆河畔等地。他们骑术精湛，周边势力常来此招募佣兵。波斯散文家贾希兹形容他们：
| “ | （突厥人）对手工艺或商业、医学、几何学、水果种植、建筑、开凿运河或税务不感兴趣，只喜欢劫掠、打猎、骑术、与敌对部族打小仗、掠夺战利品、入侵其他国家。[10] | ” |
10世纪中期，由于加兹尼王国雇佣他们担任河中地区的警备，乌古斯人开始与周边穆斯林城市密切往来。
10世纪末，塞尔柱人的领袖塞尔柱·贝格与乌古斯人头目叶护反目后，他率领部族移居于下锡尔河西岸（Jaxartes）。公元985年左右，塞尔柱人皈依了伊斯兰教[11]。
1025年，图格鲁勒·贝格，恰格勒·贝格兄弟和叔叔穆萨·优素福(Musa Yabghu)等人率领塞尔柱部族南迁进入波斯呼罗珊省，协助喀喇汗国的王族阿里特勤对抗加兹尼王族穆哈马德的攻击，1029年，贝格兄弟与阿里特勤发生争执，同盟关系紧张，不过加兹尼此时也陷入内战，是故战端稍歇。
1030年，穆哈马德的双胞胎兄长马苏德一世结束内战成为新苏丹，他继承了弟弟及父亲马哈茂德攻略河中地区的方针向北方施压。1032年，达布西耶之战爆发，贝格兄弟再次出兵协助阿里特勤，在喀喇汗军与加兹尼军互有损失的状况下，两军协议各自退兵回国。
1035年，沙赫·马立克在花剌子模击败贝格兄弟，南逃的兄弟向旧敌马苏德一世求援，马苏德一世断然拒绝并派遣贝脱迪前去消灭对方，结果加兹尼军大败指挥官被俘，马苏德一世不得不割让拿沙（Nasa）、法拉瓦（Farava）、大益等地给塞尔柱人。
1037年，图格鲁勒自封为苏丹，并于隔年攻下加兹尼首都尼沙普尔。[12][10]
1040年，冲突再次发生，塞尔柱人在丹丹纳干战役重创加兹尼军队[13]，稍后，大塞尔柱帝国建立。帝国各地的原住民在接下来的几十年中受到波斯文化影响，在宗教、语言以及风俗上被强制同化。[14][15][16][17][18]。
参考资料 编辑
- ^ "Turkish dynasty also spelled Seljuk ruling military family of the Oğuz (Ghuzz) Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire....".Encyclopedia Brittanica （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- ^ "The Turkish groups of the greatest import in the history of Europe and W Asia were, however, the Seljuks and the Osmanli or Ottoman Turks, both members of the Oghuz confederations.".Encyclopedia Columbia 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2013-11-11.
- ^ Saljuqs, Andrew Peacock, Encyclopaedia Iranica, (May 25, 2010)."A dynasty of Turkish origin that ruled much of Anatolia".Encyclopedia Iranica （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- ^ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161,164; "..renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran..", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."
- ^ Nishapuri, Zahir al-Din Nishapuri (2001), "The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jami’ al-Tawarikh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishapuri," Partial tr. K.A. Luther, ed. C.E. Bosworth, Richmond, UK. K.A. Luther: "... the Turks were illiteratre and uncultivated when they arrived in Khurasan and had to depend on Iranian scribes, poets, jurists and theologians to man the institution of the Empire"(pg 9)
- ^ Concise Britannica Online Seljuq Dynasty 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2007-01-14. article
- ^ Merriam-Webster Online – Definition of Seljuk （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- ^ The History of the Seljuq Turks: From the Jami Al-Tawarikh (LINK)
- ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey – Stanford Shaw (LINK)
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Francis Robinson（ 法兰西斯·鲁宾逊 ）. 劍橋插圖伊斯蘭世界史. 黄中宪译. 台湾: 如果出版社. 2008. ISBN 9789866702198.
- ^ Michael Adas, Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History, (Temple University Press, 2001), 99.
- ^ C.E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids: 994-1040, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 242.
- ^ Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O, (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 476.
- ^ O.Özgündenli, "Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2012-01-22.)
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Seljuq", Online Edition, (LINK （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）): "... Because the Turkish Seljuqs had no Islamic tradition or strong literary heritage of their own, they adopted the cultural language of their Persian instructors in Islam. Literary Persian thus spread to the whole of Iran, and the Arabic language disappeared in that country except in works of religious scholarship ..."
- ^ M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in Mesogeios (Mediterranean Studies), vol. 25–6 (2005), pp. 157–69
- ^ M.A. Amir-Moezzi, "Shahrbanu", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2007-03-11.): "... here one might bear in mind that Turco-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
- ^ F. Daftary, Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times, in History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol 4, pt. 1; edited by M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth; UNESCO Publishing, Institute of Ismaili Studies: "... Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries) ..."
延伸阅读 编辑
- Dietrich, Richard. The Names of Seljuk's Sons as Evidence for the Pre-Islamic Religion of the Seljuks. Turkish Historical Review. 2018, 9 (1): 54–70. doi:10.1163/18775462-00901002.
- Grousset, Rene. The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. 1988: 147. ISBN 0813506271.
- Peacock, A.C.S., Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation; New York, NY; Routledge; 2010
- Previté-Orton, C. W. The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1971.