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此列表包含英国皇家海军无畏级及其后的战舰。

无畏号战舰所In 1907, before the revolution in design brought about by HMS Dreadnought of 1906, the United Kingdom had 62 战舰 in commission（英语：Commissioning (ship)） or building, a lead of 26 over France and 50 over the 德意志帝国.[1] The launch of Dreadnought in 1906 prompted an arms race with major strategic consequences, as countries built their own dreadnoughts. Possession of modern battleships was not only vital to naval power, but also represented a nation's standing in the world. Germany, France, the 俄罗斯帝国, Japan, Italy, 奥匈帝国, and the United States all began dreadnought programmes; second-rank powers including the 奥斯曼帝国, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile commissioned dreadnoughts to be built in British and American shipyards.[2]

The 英国皇家海军 at the start of the 第一次世界大战 was the largest navy in the world due, in the most part, to The Naval Defence Act 1889（英语：The Naval Defence Act 1889） and the two-power standard（英语：two-power standard） which called for the navy to maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies.[3] The majority of the Royal Navy's strength was deployed at home in the Grand Fleet, with the primary aim of drawing the German High Seas Fleet into an engagement. The Royal Navy and the 德意志帝国海军 did come into contact, notably in the 日德兰海战,[4] but no decisive naval battle came.

The inter-war period saw the battleship subjected to strict international limitations to prevent a costly arms race breaking out.[5] Faced with the prospect of a naval arms race against Great Britain and Japan, which would in turn have led to a possible Pacific war, the United States was keen to conclude the 华盛顿海军条约 of 1922. This treaty limited the number and size of battleships that each major nation could possess, and required Britain to accept parity with the U.S. and to abandon the British alliance with Japan.[6] The Washington treaty was followed by a series of other naval treaties to limit warship size and numbers, concluding with the 第二次伦敦海军条约 in 1936. These treaties became effectively obsolete on 1 September 1939 at the beginning of 第二次世界大战.[7]

The treaty limitations meant that fewer new battleships were launched from 1919–1939 than from 1905–1914. The treaties also inhibited development by putting maximum limits on the weights of ships and forced the Royal Navy into compromise designs for the Nelson and King George V classes. Designs like the projected British N3-class battleship（英语：N3-class battleship） continued the trend to larger ships with bigger guns and thicker armour, but never got off the drawing board. Those designs which were commissioned during this period were referred to as 条约型战列舰s.[8] After the Second World War, the Royal Navy's four surviving King George V-class ships were scrapped in 1957 and Vanguard followed in 1960.[9] All other surviving British battleships had been sold or broken up by 1949.[10]

Key 编辑

Main guns The number and type of the main battery（英语：main battery） guns
Armour Waterline belt thickness
Displacement Ship displacement at full combat load
Propulsion Number of shafts, type of propulsion system, and top speed generated
Service The dates work began and finished on the ship and its ultimate fate
Laid down The date the 龙骨 began to be assembled
Commissioned The date the ship was commissioned

HMS Dreadnought 编辑

 
HMS Dreadnought
主条目：HMS Dreadnought (1906)

HMS Dreadnought was the first dreadnought battleship, a classification to which she gave her name,[11] and was born out of the minds of Vittorio Cuniberti（英语：Vittorio Cuniberti） and 第一海务大臣 Admiral Sir John Fisher and the results of the 日俄战争.[12] She was the first large warship to use 蒸汽涡轮发动机s,[13] of which Dreadnought had two, from the Parsons（英语：Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company） company. They supplied four shafts that all told gave the 527-英尺（161-米） long warship a revolutionary top speed of 21.6节（40.0千米每小时；24.9英里每小时） in spite of her displacement of 18,120 long ton（18,410 t）.[14][15] Dreadnought's primary armament was a suite of ten 45-calibre Mk X 12英寸（304.8毫米） guns（英语：BL 12 inch Mk X naval gun）, arranged in such a way that only eight of her main guns could fire a broadside,[16] and a secondary armament of ten 50-calibre 12-pounder guns（英语：QF 12 pounder 18 cwt naval gun） and five 18-英寸（460-毫米） 鱼雷 tubes.[17] Her 水线装甲带 ranged from 4英寸（102毫米） to 11英寸（279毫米） of Krupp armour（英语：Krupp armour）. Dreadnought sparked a naval arms race that soon had all the world's major powers building new and bigger warships in her image.[11] Although her concepts would be improved upon for decades, Dreadnought's construction set an unbeaten record of 15 months for the fastest construction of a battleship ever.[18]

From 1907 until 1911, Dreadnought served as the flagship of the 本土舰队 until being replaced by HMS Neptune (1909) in March 1911. Dreadnought was then assigned to the 1st Division of the Home Fleet, and was present at the Fleet Review for the coronation King 乔治五世.[19] In December 1912, the ship was transferred from the 1st Battle Squadron（英语：1st Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)） and became the flagship of the 4th Squadron（英语：4th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)） until 10 December 1914.[20] While patrolling the 北海 (大西洋) on 18 March 1915, she rammed and sank U-29, becoming the only battleship to have sunk a submarine.[21][a] Dreadnought did not participate in the 日德兰海战 as she was undergoing a refit. Two years later, she resumed her role as flagship of the 4th Squadron, but was moved into the reserve in February 1920 and sold for scrap on 9 May 1921.[23] She was broken up 2 January 1923.[24]

Ship Main guns Armour Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS Dreadnought 10 × 12英寸（305 mm）[16] 4—11英寸（102—279 mm）[25] 18,120 long ton（18,410 t）[15] 4 × shafts
2 x Parsons 涡轮发动机s[13]
21.6 kn（40.0 km/h；24.9 mph）[26] 		2 October 1905[17] 2 December 1906[17] Sold for scrap 9 May 1921[17]

Bellerophon class 编辑

 
HMS Bellerophon
主条目：Bellerophon-class battleship

The Bellerophon-class battleships, HMS Bellerophon, HMS Superb, and HMS Temeraire, were the first 英国皇家海军 dreadnoughts to be built after Dreadnought, from 1906–1909. The sisters retained much of HMS Dreadnought's design, such as her 45-calibre Mk X 12-英寸（304.8-毫米）（英语：BL 12 inch Mk X naval gun） guns and their arrangement,[27] but had changes like the relocation of the foremast behind the forward funnel（英语：funnel (ship)） and an improved secondary armament.[28][29] The Bellerophon sisters were 526-英尺（160-米） long and displaced 18,596长吨（18,894公吨） and retained Dreadnought's means of propulsion, two 蒸汽涡轮发动机s powering four shafts, and her speed of 21节（39千米每小时；24英里每小时）. The thickness of the Bellerophon's 水线装甲带, 10英寸（254毫米） at its thickest, was an inch thinner than that of Dreadnought's at her thickest.[30]

Upon commissioning, all three ships were assigned to the 1st division of the 本土舰队, later the 1st Battle Squadron（英语：1st Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)）, and took part in the Coronation Review for 乔治五世. From 17–20 July 1914, all three took part in the mobilisation and review of the Royal Navy during the 七月危机 following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. Bellerophon and Superb joined the Home Fleet but Temeraire did not until 1915.[31] All three ships participated in the Battle of Jutland, firing no more than 62 shells at the battleships SMS Wiesbaden and SMS Derfflinger, but without success.[32] Later, Bellerophon served as the junior（英语：second-in-command） 旗舰 of the 4th Squadron（英语：4th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)） from June to September 1917 while its usual flagship (HMS Colossus) was being refitted.[33] Superb and Temeraire were transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet, where Superb served as fleet flagship until the armistice.[34] After the war, the now obsolete ships were placed in reserve. Temeraire became a training vessel until decommissioned and scrapped in 1921,[35] Bellerophon was made a gunnery ship in March 1919 at The Nore（英语：The Nore） and was sold for scrap 8 November 1921 and broken up 14 September 1922, and Superb relieved Bellerophon as a gunnery training vessel and then served briefly as a target ship before sold for scrapping in December 1923.[36]

Ship Main guns Armour Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS Bellerophon 10 × 12英寸（305 mm）[27] 8—10英寸（203—254 mm）[30][29] 18,596 long ton（18,890 t）[35] 4 × shafts
2 x Parsons turbines
21 kn（39 km/h；24 mph）[37] 		3 December 1906[38] 27 February 1909[38] Sold for scrap 8 November 1921[39]
HMS Superb 6 February 1907[38] 29 May 1909[40] Sold for scrap 12 December 1923[34]
HMS Temeraire 1 January 1907[38] 15 May 1909[41] Sold for scrap 7 December 1921[35]

St Vincent class 编辑

 
HMS Vanguard
主条目：St Vincent-class battleship

The St Vincent-class was a line of three, originally four,[b] dreadnought battleships, HMS St Vincent, HMS Collingwood, and HMS Vanguard. With the exception of their more powerful 50-calibre Mk XI 12-英寸（300-毫米） main guns（英语：BL 12 inch Mk XI - XII naval gun） and twenty 50-calibre Mk VII 4-英寸（100-毫米） secondaries（英语：BL 4 inch naval gun Mk VII）, the St Vincent class closely followed the design of the Bellerophonbattleship.[43][44] Two sets of Parsons（英语：Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company） 蒸汽涡轮发动机s and the four shafts they powered gave the 536-英尺（163-米） long sisters a top speed of 21.7节（40.2千米每小时；25.0英里每小时） despite a displacement of 19,700 long ton（20,000 t）.[45] Finally, the sisters were protected by a Krupp cemented（英语：Krupp armour） 水线装甲带 8—10英寸（203—254毫米） thick, as was the case for the Bellerophon class.[46]

Upon commissioning, the St Vincent-class battleships were all assigned to the 1st Battle Squadron（英语：1st Battle Squadron） of the 本土舰队. The ships were present at the Coronation Review of 乔治五世 on 24 June 1911 and HMS Collingwood became the 旗舰 of the 1st Squadron two days later. After a lengthy refit in mid-1914, the sisters participated in the mobilisation and British responses to the 七月危机 and joined the Home Fleet at 斯卡帕湾 on 22 July 1914.[47] All three sisters participated in the 日德兰海战 and fired upon SMS Wiesbaden; Collingwood and Vanguard also fired at SMS Moltke and SMS Derfflinger. The three sisters inflicted little damage, despite firing 98 shots during the battle.[48] After the battle, Collingwood and St Vincent joined their sister Vanguard in the 4th Squadron（英语：4th Battle Squadron）, who had been transferred there in April 1916,[47] and continued to serve with the Home Fleet until the end of the war.[49] On 9 July 1917, one of Vanguard' magazines exploded, killing 840 of her crew and two 澳大利亚n sailors aboard HMAS Sydney.[50] After the war, St Vincent became a gunnery training ship March 1919, before being made the flagship of the Reserve Fleet（英语：Reserve Fleet (United Kingdom)） in June. In December, she was relieved and then sold for scrap 1 December 1921.[49] Collingwood was also assigned to the Reserve Fleet, briefly served as a training vessel, and then was also sold for scrap 12 December 1922.[51]

Ship Main guns Armour Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS St Vincent 10 × 12英寸（305 mm）[43] 8—10英寸（203—254 mm）[46] 19,700 long ton（20,000 t）[52] 4 × shafts
2 x Parsons turbines
21.7 kn（40.2 km/h；25.0 mph）[45] 		30 December 1907[44] 3 May 1910[49] Sold for scrap 1 December 1921[49]
HMS Collingwood 3 February 1908[44] 19 April 1910[49] Sold for scrap 12 December 1922[49]
HMS Vanguard 2 April 1908[44] 1 March 1910[49] Sunk by internal explosion 9 July 1917[53]

HMS Neptune 编辑

主条目：HMS Neptune (1909)
 
HMS Neptune

HMS Neptune, the only ship of her class, was the only battleship constructed during the 1908–1909 Naval Programme, and was the first British battleship to use 背负式炮塔 gun turrets.[54] She retained the 50-calibre Mk XI 12-英寸（300-毫米） guns（英语：BL 12 inch Mk XI - XII naval gun） of the St Vincentbattleship, 10-英寸（250-毫米） 水线装甲带, and the top speed of 21节（39千米每小时；24英里每小时） and the two Parsons（英语：Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company） 蒸汽涡轮发动机s and their four shafts that produced that speed. Neptune, however, was longer at 546英尺（166米） and displaced 19,680长吨（20,000公吨）, 20 less than the St Vincent class.[55] Her secondary weapons also made her unique from the preceding class, as her 50-calibre Mk VII 4-英寸（100-毫米） secondary guns（英语：BL 4 inch naval gun Mk VII） did not have shielding in the 上层建筑 (工程学), a first for British dreadnoughts.[56]

HMS Neptune was commissioned on 19 January, 1909. She replaced HMS Dreadnought as the flagship of the 本土舰队 and of the 1st Division（英语：1st Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)） 25 March 1909, two weeks after the completion of sea trials. Neptune then participated in the Coronation review of 乔治五世, was replaced as the Home Fleet's flagship by HMS Iron Duke 10 March 1914,[57] and then participated in the British naval response to the 七月危机 from 17–20 July 1914.[58] She participated in many Royal Navy actions until the 日德兰海战, at which she fired 48 main battery shells, scoring several ineffectual or unconfirmed hits of SMS Wiesbaden and SMS Derfflinger and an assortment of German destroyers.[59] After Jutland, she was transferred to the 4th Battle Squadron（英语：4th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)） and never again saw combat. Neptune was place in the reserve 1 February 1919 and sold for scrap in September 1922.[57]

Ship Main guns Armour Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS Neptune 10 × 12英寸（305 mm）[60] 8—10英寸（203—254 mm）[60] 19,680 long ton（20,000 t）[60] 4 × shafts
2 x Parsons turbines
21 kn（39 km/h；24 mph）[37] 		19 January 1909[61] 11 January 1911[57] Sold for scrap September 1922[57]

Colossus class 编辑

 
HMS Colossus
主条目：Colossus-class battleship (1910)

The two Colossus-class battleships were the final members of the first generation of British dreadnoughts. HMS Colossus and HMS Hercules were the first the Naval Programme of 1909-1910 and improved upon preceding HMS Neptune.[62] The Colossus class retained the same two Parsons（英语：Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company） 蒸汽涡轮发动机s and their four shafts and the top speed of 21节（39千米每小时；24英里每小时） they produced and the same ten 50-calibre Mk XI 12-英寸（305-毫米） main guns（英语：BL 12 inch Mk XI - XII naval gun） and 50-calibre Mk VII 4-英寸（102-毫米） secondary guns（英语：BL 4 inch naval gun Mk VII） of the previous classes of British dreadnoughts. What had changed was that they had become the first ship to have three engine rooms, a length of 545英尺（166米） (which was shorter than the preceding HMS Neptune by one foot), the re-addition of an inch to the 水线装甲带 to make it 11-英寸（279-毫米） thick, and a displacement of 20,030 long ton（20,350 t）.[63][64]

Upon commission, Colossus and Hercules were both assigned to the 2nd Division, renamed the 2nd Battle Squadron（英语：2nd Battle Squadron） 1 May 1912, of the 本土舰队 and Hercules became its flagship. Colossus was transferred to the 1st Squadron（英语：1st Battle Squadron） by the end of the year, and Hercules temporarily became a private ship（英语：private ship） in 1913 but later also joined the 1st Squadron.[65] Before the 第一次世界大战, Hercules had a collision with a merchant ship in Portland Harbour（英语：Portland Harbour）.[66] After a long period of drilling and relative inactivity for the 大舰队, in which Colossus became the flagship of the 1st Squadron's 5th Division, both ships participated in the 日德兰海战, firing a total of no more than 98 shells each at SMS Wiesbaden, SMS Seydlitz, and SMS Derfflinger, and were able to hit them without inflicting much damage as well as various German destroyers that neither ship managed to hit.[67] After the battle, both ships were transferred into the 4th Squadron（英语：4th Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)）, Colossus becoming second-in-command（英语：second-in-command）,[68] and entered another period of relative inactivity. Both ships were present at the surrender of the German fleet at Rosyth（英语：Rosyth）, 苏格兰 on 21 November, and Hercules took the Allied Naval Armistice Commission to 基尔, 德国, then joined the Reserve Fleet（英语：Reserve Fleet (United Kingdom)） in February 1919 a month after her sister ship had briefly become flagship. Colossus was for a time listed for scrapping, but was then made a boys' training vessel in September 1921 and was refitted. Colossus was then returned to the list the following year, but was once again removed and hulked for use by the training establishment HMS Impregnable and was finally sold for scrap in August 1928, with Hercules having preceded her on 8 November 1921.[69]

Ship Main guns Armour Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS Colossus 10 × 12英寸（305 mm）[70] 8—11英寸（203—279 mm）[58] 20,030 long ton（20,350 t）[70] 4 × shafts
2 x Parsons turbines
21 kn（39 km/h；24 mph）[37] 		8 July 1909[71] 8 August 1911[72] Sold for scrap July 1928[73]
HMS Hercules 30 July 1909[71] 31 July 1911[74] Sold for scrap November 1921[75]

Orion class 编辑

 
HMS Orion
主条目：Orion-class battleship

The four Orion-class dreadnought battleships, HMS Orion, HMS Monarch, HMS Conqueror, and HMS Thunderer, were the first British 无畏舰s.[76] The Orion class was the first to use a larger caliber main battery, with ten 45-calibre Mk V 13.5-英寸（340-毫米） main guns on the centreline in 背负式炮塔 炮塔s, an idea taken from the American South Carolinabattleship battleships.[77][78] The sisters were larger and more powerful than the first generation of British dreadnoughts. In addition to their bigger guns, they had Krupp armour（英语：Krupp armour） 8—12英寸（203—305毫米） thick on the belt, were longer at 581英尺（177米）, and were heavier at a displacement of 21,900长吨（22,300公吨）. However, they retained the same means of propulsion, two Parsons（英语：Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company） 蒸汽涡轮发动机s powering four shafts, their top speed of 21节（39千米每小时；24英里每小时）, and the 50-calibre Mk VII 4-英寸（102-毫米） secondary guns（英语：BL 4 inch naval gun Mk VII） of the previous battleships.[79][80]

All four sister ships were assigned to the 2nd Battle Squadron（英语：2nd Battle Squadron） of the 本土舰队 upon commission and Orion was named its flagship. The sisters then participated in the Fleet review at Spithead（英语：Spithead） on 9 July 1914 and in the 动员 of the Royal Navy during the 七月危机 and following assembly at 斯卡帕湾.[81][c] The sisters were four of the six dreadnoughts assigned to intercept the German fleet responsible for the 16 December raid on the northeast English coast（英语：Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby）. On 27 December 1914, Conqueror rammed her sister ship Monarch as the Grand Fleet was returning to Scapa Flow, damaging both vessels.[82] All four warships were present at the 日德兰海战. Conqueror and Thunderer made no hits, while Monarch and Orion struck SMS König and SMS Markgraf once each and SMS Lützow five times between them; none of the four fired more than 57 of their primary shells during the entire battle.[83] When on 21 November 1918 the German fleet surrendered at Rosyth（英语：Rosyth）, 苏格兰, the sisters were present.[84] In February 1919, they were transferred to the 3rd Squadron（英语：3rd Battle Squadron） and Orion retained her status as squadron flagship.[85] By the end of 1919 the sisters were all transferred into the Reserve Fleet（英语：Reserve Fleet）, but Monarch was transferred to Portsmouth in early 1920.[86] In the summer of that year, Thunderer and Monarch were recommissioned to ferry troops to and from the 地中海, and Orion joined Monarch at Portsmouth later in the year and became the flagship of the Reserve Fleet before being relieved in this duty by Conqueror in mid-1921 to once again ferry troops. In 1921, Thunderer and Orion were transformed into training vessels and were sold for scrap the following year in accordance with the 华盛顿海军条约. Monarch was hulked（英语：Hulk (ship type)） and used for weapons testing until finally sunk in 1925. Thunderer, the last of the sisters, was sold for scrap in 1926.[81][87]

Ship Main guns Armour Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS Orion 10 × 13.5英寸（343 mm）[76] 8—12英寸（203—305 mm）[79] 21,922 long ton（22,270 t）[88] 4 × shaft
2 x Parsons turbines
21 kn（39 km/h；24 mph）[88] 		29 November 1909[89] 2 January 1912[90] Sold for scrap 19 December 1922[90]
HMS Monarch 1 April 1910[89] 27 April 1912[90] Sunk as a target 21 January 1925[91]
HMS Conqueror 5 April 1910[89] 23 November 1912[91] Sold for scrap 19 December 1922[91]
HMS Thunderer 13 April 1910[89] 15 June 1912[92] Sold for scrap 6 November 1926[91]

King George V class 编辑

 
HMS Ajax
主条目：King George V-class battleship (1911)

The King George V-class battleships, HMS King George V, HMS Centurion, HMS Audacious, and HMS Ajax, were larger variants of the preceding Orionbattleship "无畏舰." The four sisters used the same primary and secondary armament of the Orions, ten 45-calibre Mk V 13.5-英寸（340-毫米） main guns（英语：BL 13.5 inch Mk V naval gun） and 16 50-calibre Mk VII 4-英寸（102-毫米） secondary guns（英语：BL 4 inch naval gun Mk VII）, and 12-英寸（305-毫米）-thick 水线装甲带, but were longer at 597英尺9英寸（182米） and displaced 25,420长吨（25,830公吨）. In addition, although the King George V class again retained the two Parsons（英语：Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company） 蒸汽涡轮发动机s and their four shafts, they were faster than previous British battleships with a top speed of 22.9 kn（42.4 km/h；26.4 mph） and enjoyed much-needed corrections in the arrangement of its funnels that made the spotting tops much easier to use.[93][94]

All four of the King George V-class ships were assigned to the 2nd Battle Squadron（英语：2nd Battle Squadron） on commission（英语：Ship commissioning）, King George V becoming the Squadron's 旗舰 by 18 February 1913, but Centurion began her career early, accidentally ramming and sinking an Italian steamer with all hands.[95] From 17 to 20 July 1914 the sister ships participated in the 七月危机 test mobilisation and were shortly thereafter ordered to join the 本土舰队, soon the 大舰队, at 斯卡帕湾.[96] On 27 October 1914, Audacious struck a mine while conducting a training mission off the coast of 爱尔兰岛 and sank with only one death, an officer from HMS Liverpool.[97] King George V also went out of service for a brief time beginning in November 1914 because of a condenser malfunction.[98] The surviving sisters participated in a sortie that set out to engage 弗朗兹·冯·希佩尔's raiding force after its attack on three coastal British towns（英语：Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby） in December 1914, but did not see combat.[99] At the 日德兰海战 nearly two years later, the sisters did see combat but none of them fired more than 19 shells, all without effect due to poor visibility.[100] The sisters participated in the Royal Navy's subsequent war time actions and were present at the surrender of the German fleet at Rosyth（英语：Rosyth） on 21 November 1918. Into early 1919, the sisters remained with the 2nd Squadron, until King George V was moved to the 3rd Squadron（英语：3rd Battle Squadron） and then became the flagship of the Reserve Fleet until 1920 when the 3rd Squadron was disbanded. She was refitted and reassigned to the 4th Squadron（英语：4th Battle Squadron） the same year, then in 1923 became a gunnery training vessel before finally being sold for scrap in December 1926. Ajax met the same fate, but was sold for scrap on 9 November 1926. The last of the King George V-class ships, Centurion was converted into a target ship, but was remilitarised in 1941 with light weapons and dummy main guns. On 9 June 1944, she was sunk as a block ship（英语：block ship） to defend a mulberry harbor（英语：mulberry harbor） established on 奥马哈海滩.[101]

Ship Main guns Armour Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS King George V[d] 10 × 13.5英寸（343 mm）[103] 12英寸（305 mm）[103] 25,420 long ton（25,830 t）[103] 4 × shaft
2 x Parsons turbines
22.9 kn（42.4 km/h；26.4 mph）[103] 		16 January 1911[104] 16 November 1912[95] Sold for scrap December 1926[105]
HMS Centurion 16 January 1911[104] 22 May 1913[106] Sunk as a block ship（英语：block ship） 9 June 1944[107]
HMS Audacious 23 March 1911[108] 15 October 1913[105] Sank after striking a mine 27 October 1914[109]
HMS Ajax 27 February 1911[104] 31 October 1913[106] Sold for scrap 9 November 1926[106]

Iron Duke class 编辑

 
HMS Iron Duke
主条目：Iron Duke-class battleship

The four Iron Duke-class battleships, HMS Iron Duke, HMS Marlborough, HMS Benbow, and HMS Emperor of India, were the third line of British super-dreadnoughts. In design the sisters were nearly identical to the King George Vbattleship, bearing the same ten Mk V 13.5-英寸（340-毫米） main battery（英语：main battery） guns and 12-英寸（300-毫米） Krupp armour（英语：Krupp armour） of the King George V class, but were 622英尺9英寸（190米） long and displaced 25,000长吨（25,000公吨）.[110] As with previous British battleships, the Iron Duke-class sisters had four shafts powered by two Parsons（英语：Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company） 蒸汽涡轮发动机s for a top speed of 21.5节（39.8千米每小时；24.7英里每小时）, but they possessed an improved secondary armament of twelve 45-calibre Mk VII 6-英寸（150-毫米） naval guns（英语：BL 6-inch Mk VII naval gun）.[111]

New for British dreadnoughts, the four Iron Duke-class sisters were fairly separated from each other in their careers. On completion, Iron Duke joined the 英国皇家海军's 本土舰队 as its new 旗舰,[112] Marlborough followed her into the Home Fleet as the flagship of Lewis Bayly（英语：Lewis Bayly (Royal Navy officer)）.[113] Both ships were completed within two months before the start of 第一次世界大战 and were soon reorganized into the 大舰队, of which Iron Duke remained the flagship while Marlborough was assigned to the 1st Battle Squadron（英语：1st Battle Squadron） as Admiral John Jellicoe's flagship.[112] At this time, Benbow and Emperor of India were completed and assigned to the 4th Battle Squadron（英语：4th Battle Squadron）, the latter as the flagship of the second division and the former of the whole squadron, and the sisters all had their casemates sealed and rearmost secondary guns removed.[114][115] All the sisters but Emperor of India, in dock for refits,[116] were present for the 日德兰海战 and fought with distinction. Iron Duke, surviving a near-miss as she entered combat, opened fire on SMS König, and scored seven hits. Marlborough and Benbow struggled with poor visibility, the former firing seven salvos at a group of Kaiserbattleships and the latter firing six salvos, both without effect. When fighting around SMS Wiesbaden resumed, all three sisters participated but without any hits on the torpedo boats around the disabled cruiser. Marlborough eventually neutralised the Wiesbaden, sustaining extensive damage in the process, and also struck SMS Grosser Kurfürst three times with thirteen salvos. After the battle, Marlborough underwent three months of repairs and received increased armour plating,[117][118] and Emperor of India rejoined the Home Fleet in the 1st Battle Squadron（英语：1st Battle Squadron）. In March 1919, the Iron Duke-class sisters were assigned to the 4th Battle Squadron with the Mediterranean Fleet（英语：Mediterranean Fleet） to participate in the 协约国武装干涉俄国内战 in the 黑海,[119][112] Marlborough even carrying Maria Feodorovna, Grand Duke Nicholas, and Prince Yusupov,[120] and then the sisters served in the Greco-Turkish War until Greece's defeat in the war in 1922,[121] at which point Marlborough, Benbow, and Emperor of India underwent refitting at different ports. Iron Duke remained in the Mediterranean and was present with HMS King George V for the Great fire of Smyrna（英语：Great fire of Smyrna） and following Allied deliberations on Greece.[122][123] Benbow relieved Iron Duke for a major refit of her own in May 1928, then was decommissioned and sold for scrap in March 1931.[124] Marlborough and Emperor of India followed her the next year after being used as target ships, sold for scrap in February and June 1932, respectively.[125][126][127] Iron Duke survived into 第二次世界大战, serving at 斯卡帕湾 as a floating anti-aircraft battery and was twice attacked and heavily damaged by 纳粹德国空军 Ju 88轰炸机s, and was refloated after the war and then sold for scrap in March 1946.[128][129]

Ship Main guns Armour Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS Iron Duke 10 × 13.5英寸（343 mm）[111] 12英寸（305 mm）[111] 25,000 long ton（25,400 t）[118] 4 × shafts
2 x Parsons turbines
21.5 kn（39.8 km/h；24.7 mph）[111] 		12 January 1912[130] 10 March 1914[111] Sold for scrap March 1946[128]
HMS Marlborough 25 January 1912[111] 2 June 1914[111] Sold for scrap 27 June 1932[131]
HMS Benbow 30 May 1912[111] 7 October 1914[111] Sold for scrap March 1931[124]
HMS Emperor of India 31 May 1912[116] 10 November 1914[116] Sold for scrap 6 February 1932[112]

HMS Agincourt 编辑

主条目：HMS Agincourt (1913)
 
HMS Agincourt

HMS Agincourt was laid down in 泰恩河畔纽卡斯尔 in 1911 as the 巴西ian 战舰 Rio de Janeiro,[132] but was sold to the 奥斯曼帝国 in December 1913, named Sultân Osmân-ı Evvel, and was seized by the British government and given her final name when Turkey entered the 第一次世界大战 for the 同盟国 (第一次世界大战).[133] Agincourt, 671英尺6英寸（205米） long and displacing 27,850长吨（28,300公吨）, was powered by four Parsons（英语：Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company） 蒸汽涡轮发动机s and shafts for a top speed of 22节（41千米每小时；25英里每小时）.[134] She was armed with fourteen 45-calibre Mk XIII 12-英寸（305-毫米） main guns（英语：EOC 12 inch/45 naval gun）,[135] and eighteen 50-calibre Mk XIII 6-英寸（152-毫米） naval guns（英语：BL 6 inch naval guns Mk XIII – XVIII） for its secondaries, and was protected by 水线装甲带 9英寸（229毫米） thick.[134]

After being commissioned into the 英国皇家海军 on 7 August 1914, Agincourt joined the 大舰队's 4th Battle Squadron（英语：4th Battle Squadron） on 7 September 1914 but was reassigned to the 1st Battle Squadron（英语：1st Battle Squadron） on 31 May 1916, just in time for the 日德兰海战.[136][137] She engaged a German 战列巡洋舰 and 驱逐舰s and a Kaiserbattleship with her main and secondary guns,[138][139] firing a total of 144 of her main battery（英语：main battery） shells and secondary shells, but is not known to have hit any enemy ship.[136] Agincourt's participation in the Royal Navy's sorties after Jutland is not well explored, but she did sortie once with HMS Hercules from 斯卡帕湾 to protect merchant convoys from 挪威 to the 英国 on 23 April 1918.[140] After being transferred to the 2nd Battle Squadron（英语：2nd Battle Squadron）,[136] Agincourt was present for the surrender of the 公海舰队 and was then placed in reserve in March 1919.[141] The Brazilian government was not interested in purchasing her, so Agincourt was listed for disposal and then sold for scrap on 19 December 1922 in accordance with the 华盛顿海军条约.[142]

Ship Main guns Armour Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS Agincourt 14 × 12英寸（305 mm）[135] 9英寸（229 mm）[143] 27,850 long ton（28,300 t）[144] 4 × shafts
4 x Parsons turbines
22 kn（41 km/h；25 mph）[145] 		14 September 1911[132] 7 August 1914[132] Sold for scrap December 1922[142]

HMS Erin 编辑

主条目：HMS Erin
参见：Reşadiye-class battleship
 
HMS Erin

HMS Erin, originally the Turkish battleship Reşadiye, was one of two battleships being built for the 奥斯曼帝国 (the other being HMS Agincourt) and was derived from the King George Vbattleship. She had Krupp（英语：Krupp armour） 12-英寸（300-毫米） 水线装甲带 and was equipped with ten 45-calibre Mk VI 13.5-英寸（340-毫米） guns（英语：BL 13.5-inch Mk VI naval gun）, similar to the King George V class's main guns, but had the Orionbattleship's sixteen 50-calibre Mk XVI 6-英寸（150-毫米） secondary guns（英语：BL 6 inch naval guns Mk XIII – XVIII）. She was shorter in length at 559英尺6英寸（171米） and displaced 22,780长吨（23,150公吨）. Unlike either the Orion or King George V-class battleships, Erin had four Parsons（英语：Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company） 蒸汽涡轮发动机s driving four shafts for a top speed of 21节（39千米每小时；24英里每小时）.[146]

On 29 July 1914, Reşadiye was seized under the orders of 第一海军大臣 温斯顿·丘吉尔, and on the 31st it entered the 英国皇家海军 as HMS Erin.[147] She joined the 大舰队's 4th Battle Squadron（英语：4th Battle Squadron） on 5 September of the same year and participated in the fleet's early war sorties and drills, most importantly in response to the German attack on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby（英语：Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby）.[148] At some point from September to December 1915, Erin was transferred to the 2nd Battle Squadron（英语：2nd Battle Squadron）.[149][150] She participated in the 日德兰海战, but was hindered by poor visibility and was the only British capital ship to not fire her main battery（英语：main battery） guns and only fired six 6-inch shells.[151] After Jutland, Erin returned to active participation in the Grand Fleet's 北海 (大西洋) operations, sortieing against 公海舰队 raids on merchant convoys and at the end of war was present for the surrender of the High Seas Fleet at Rosyth（英语：Rosyth）, 苏格兰 on 21 November 1918.[152][153] On 1 May 1919, Erin was assigned to the 本土舰队's 3rd Battle Squadron（英语：3rd Battle Squadron）, but entered the reserves at Portland Harbour（英语：Portland Harbour） in October at the Nore（英语：Nore）.[85] From July to August 1920 Erin underwent a refit as a gunnery practice ship, but came to be in violation of the 华盛顿海军条约 of 1922 and was sold for scrap on 19 December 1922.[154][155]

Ship Main guns Armour Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS Erin 10 × 13.5英寸（343 mm）[156] 12英寸（305 mm）[142] 22,780 long ton（23,150 t）[157] 4 × shafts
4 x Parsons turbines
21节（39千米每小时；24英里每小时）[158] 		6 December 1911[157] August 1914[154] Sold for scrap December 1922[154]

HMS Canada 编辑

主条目：Chilean battleship Almirante Latorre
 
HMS Canada

In 1911, 智利 ordered two battleships, Almirante Latorre and Almirante Cochrane (later HMS Eagle) from the 阿姆斯特朗-惠特沃斯 company.[159] Canada resembled the British Iron Dukebattleship battleships, but had changes in its above-deck structures and was longer at 625英尺（191米）. She was also more heavily armed, sporting ten 45-calibre 14-英寸（360-毫米） main guns（英语：EOC 14 inch/45 naval gun） and sixteen 50-calibre Mk XI 6-英寸（150-毫米） secondary guns（英语：BL 6 inch Mk XI naval gun）, but lightly armoured with only 9英寸（230毫米） on her belt, making her an oddity in the 英国皇家海军. Her propulsion means was also unusual for British battleships. Four shafts were powered by two sets of Brown & Curtis（英语：John Brown & Company） and Parsons（英语：Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company） 蒸汽涡轮发动机s gave Canada a top speed of 24 kn（44 km/h；28 mph）, making her one of the Royal Navy's fastest battleships.[160]

On 9 September 1914, the British government purchased Almirante Latorre from Chile and christened her HMS Canada and undertook some minor alterations.[161] She was commissioned on 15 October 1915, and assigned to the 4th Battle Squadron（英语：4th Battle Squadron）. She participated in the 日德兰海战 on 31 May 1916, firing a totality of 42 shells from her main guns and 109 secondary shells at SMS Wiesbaden, an unspecified German capital ship, and several 驱逐舰s, but did not make or receive any hits.[162][163] Canada was transferred to the 1st Battle Squadron（英语：1st Battle Squadron） on 12 June 1916 and subsequently underwent more modification, and was placed in the reserves in March 1919. In April of the next year, she was sold back to Chile and resumed her original name.[162]

Ship Main guns Armour Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS Canada 10 × 14英寸（356 mm）[164] 9英寸（229毫米）[164] 28,622 long ton（29,080 t）[164] 4 × shafts
2 x Brown & Curtiss, 2 x Parsons turbines
23—24 kn（43—44 km/h；26—28 mph）[165] 		27 November 1911[166] 15 October 1915[162] Resold to 智利, April 1920[162]

Queen Elizabeth class 编辑

 
HMS Queen Elizabeth
主条目：Queen Elizabeth-class battleship

The Queen Elizabeth-class 无畏舰s, HMS Queen Elizabeth, HMS Warspite, HMS Valiant, HMS Barham, and HMS Malaya, were a line of five, originally six, 战舰s.[e] They had a main armament of eight 15-英寸（381-毫米） main guns arranged in four twin turrets. The new calibre guns were intended to still give the Royal Navy an advantage in range over newer American and Japanese ships which the Admiralty expected were to be armed with 14-inch guns. The initial design was for a five turret ship, being reduced to four when it was realized its greater range and hitting power with a broadside of 15,000英磅（6,800千克） compared to 14,000英磅（6,400千克） in the Iron Duke class. Secondary armament was fourteen 6-inch, two 3-inch anti-aircraft and four 21-inch torpedoes tubes. The space saved by the reduction of one turret was used to house additional boilers which gave the ships a speed of 24—25节（44—46千米每小时；28—29英里每小时）.

Ship Main guns Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS Queen Elizabeth 8 × 15英寸（381 mm） 27,500 long ton（27,940 t） 4 × shafts
Parsons turbines
24 × boilers 		21 October 1912 January 1915 Sold for scrap April 1948
HMS Warspite 31 October 1912 March 1915 Sold for scrap July 1946
HMS Barham 24 February 1913 October 1915 Torpedoed and sunk 25 November 1941
HMS Valiant 31 January 1913 February 1916 Sold for scrap March 1948
HMS Malaya 20 October 1913 February 1916 Sold for scrap February 1948
HMS Agincourt 不适用 Cancelled August 1914

Revenge class 编辑

 
HMS Royal Oak
主条目：Revenge-class battleship

The Revenge class (sometimes known as the Royal Sovereign class) were designed as a cheaper alternative to the Queen Elizabeth class. Plans had initially been for a class of eight ships, but at the start of the First World War work stopped on all new capital ships. The last three ships Renown, Repulse and Resistance were cancelled. The first two of these were eventually redesigned as 战列巡洋舰s. During design they were planned to have a maximum speed of just over 21节（39千米每小时；24英里每小时） and had reverted to being coal- and oil-fuelled. However, in 1915, this was changed and they became oil-fuelled only. Secondary armament was fourteen 6-inch, two 3-inch anti-aircraft, four 3-pounder guns and four 21-inch torpedoes. Both Revenge and Royal Oak were completed in time to take part in the Battle of Jutland. Royal Oak was torpedoed at anchor in the supposedly safe harbour of 斯卡帕湾 soon after the start of 第二次世界大战.

Ship Main guns Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS Revenge
ex-Renown 		8 × 15英寸（381 mm） 28,000 long ton（28,450 t） 4 × shafts
Parsons turbines
18 × boilers 		22 December 1913 March 1916 Sold for scrap February 1948
HMS Royal Sovereign 15 January 1914 May 1916 Sold for scrap February 1949
HMS Royal Oak 15 January 1914 May 1916 Torpedoed and sunk by  和谐阵线 14 October 1939
HMS Resolution 29 November 1913 May 1916 Sold for scrap February 1949
HMS Ramillies 12 November 1913 September 1917 Sold for scrap 1948

N3 class 编辑

主条目：N3-class battleship

The N3, like the contemporary G3-class battlecruiser（英语：G3-class battlecruiser） design, were planned in response to other nations' intentions to build superior navies. The design concentrated the main guns forward of the bridge to reduce weight while allowing very thick armour over the critical parts but they would still be about twice the displacement of predecessors. The design was approved in 1921 but in 1922 the major naval powers agreed the 华盛顿海军条约 to limit the size and number of warships in their navies. The treaty set an upper limit of 35,000 tons displacement and 16-inch guns; the ships had not been ordered and no construction had been started.

Ship Main guns Displacement Propulsion Notes
4 ships 9 × 18英寸（457 mm） about 48,000 long ton（48,800 t） 2 shafts, geared steam turbines Never ordered

Nelson class 编辑

 
HMS Nelson
主条目：Nelson-class battleship

The two ships of the Nelson class were the only new battleships the Royal Navy were allowed to build under the terms of the 华盛顿海军条约. The layout was based on that of the N3 battleship and G3 battlecruiser but further reduced to come under the weight limit. Nine BL 16 inch Mk I（英语：BL 16 inch Mk I naval gun） guns – the same as were to have been used on the G3 battlecruisers – were carried in three forward turrets. Secondary armament was twelve 6-inch guns mounted in six turrets at the rear of the ship, six 4.7英寸（119毫米） anti-aircraft guns, seven eight-barrelled 2-pounder "pompom" mountings, four quadruple 波佛斯40毫米高射炮 guns and sixty five 厄利孔20毫米机炮.

Ship Main guns Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS Nelson 9 × 16英寸（406 mm）[168] 33,900 long ton（34,440 t） 2 × shafts
Brown-Curtis turbines
8 × boilers 		28 December 1922[169] 15 August 1927 Sold for scrap 15 March 1949
HMS Rodney 28 December 1922[169] 10 November 1927 Sold for scrap 26 March 1948

King George V class (1939) 编辑

 
HMS Anson at Devonport（英语：HMNB Devonport） March 1945.
主条目：King George V-class battleship (1939)

The King George V class of ships were criticized for having 14-inch main guns (the preceding Nelson class had larger, though relatively lighter 16 inch guns). The decision to use 14-inch guns was taken in October 1935, while the 英国 was negotiating for a continuation of the Naval Treaties with the other parties to the London Treaty. The 英国政府 favoured a reduction in the maximum gun calibre to 14 inches and, in early October, the government learned that the United States would support this position if the Japanese could also be persuaded to do so. Since the large guns needed to be ordered by the end of the year in order for ships to enter service on time, the British 英国海军部 (1709年至1964年) decided on 14-inch guns for the King George V class. The guns were arranged in three turrets, two with four and one (behind and above the forward turret) with two guns. Secondary armament was sixteen QF 5.25-inch Mk I guns, four eight-barrelled 2-pounder "pom-pom" anti-aircraft mountings (King George V and Prince of Wales the later ships all had six mountings). Anson and Howe had eighteen Oerlikon 20 mm cannon and the Duke of York six. They were all fitted with amidships catapults for the three Supermarine Walrus（英语：Supermarine Walrus） spotter/patrol aircraft they carried. The King George V class were designed to reach a speed of over 27 knots. As the treaty negotiations collapsed, this lack of speed and the smaller size of their main armament left them slower and with a lesser broadside than foreign battleships that were being produced around the same time. However, their main armour belt was thicker than others, with the exception of the two very large ships of the Yamatobattleship from Japan.[170]

Ship Main guns Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS King George V 10 × 14英寸（356 mm） 36,730 long ton（37,320 t） 4 × shafts
Parsons turbines
8 × boilers[171] 		1 January 1937 1 October 1940 Sold for scrap 1957
HMS Prince of Wales 1 January 1937 31 March 1940 Sunk December 1941 by Japanese air attack
HMS Duke of York 5 May 1937 4 November 1941 Sold for scrap 1957
HMS Anson 20 July 1937 22 June 1942 Sold for scrap 1957
HMS Howe 1 June 1937 29 August 1942 Sold for scrap 1958

Lion class 编辑

 
Lion Drawing
主条目：Lion-class battleship

During the 第二次伦敦海军条约 of 1936, the upper limit for battleships was agreed by the powers attending but an escalator clause allowed for increases if parties defaulted. By 1938 concerns about the Japanese prompted Britain and the United States to raise the limits allowed to 45,000 long ton（46,000 t） and 16英寸（406 mm） guns. The Admiralty had planned to scrap the ineffective Revenge class when the King George V ships entered service. These plans were soon changed, the Admiralty's new ambition was to raise a battle fleet of 20 ships, 15 of them to match the new standard, keeping the Revenge class until at least 1942. To meet this target the navy wanted three battleships added to the 1938 plans, but in the end only two were given the go ahead and even then they had to use reserve slipways, normally only used in emergencies.[172] At the same time it was identified that unless the 1938 ships were completed by 1942, the Royal Navy between 1940 and 1943 would be at a disadvantage with only twelve modern and eight older battleships against a combined German–Japanese fleet of twenty modern ships.[173] Construction work was halted at start of war so that resources could be diverted to more important production and although design was revised during war no further work took place.

Ship Main guns Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS Lion 9 × 16英寸（410 mm） 40,000 long ton（41,000 t） — 4 July 1939 — Scrapped 15 October 1945
HMS Temeraire 1 June 1939
HMS Conqueror Cancelled
HMS Thunderer

HMS Vanguard 编辑

主条目：HMS Vanguard (23)
 
Vanguard in 1950

HMS Vanguard was the final 英国皇家海军 battleship. She was armed with eight 42-calibre 15-英寸（380-毫米） main guns, taken from the Courageousbattlecruiser 战列巡洋舰s, and sixteen 50-calibre dual-purpose（英语：Dual-purpose gun） 5.25-英寸（133-毫米）（英语：QF 5.25 inch gun） secondary guns. 4.5—14英寸（114—356毫米） of Krupp armour（英语：Krupp armour） made up the waterline（英语：waterline） belt protected 814英尺4英寸（248.21-米）-long Vanguard. Displacing 44,500 long ton（45,200 t）, she was powered by four Parsons（英语：Parsons Marine Steam Turbines） 蒸汽涡轮发动机s, one shaft each, that gave her a top speed of 31.57 kn（58.47 km/h；36.33 mph）.[174]

Ship Main guns Displacement Propulsion Service
Laid down Commissioned Fate
HMS Vanguard 8 × 15英寸（381 mm）[175] 44,500 long ton（45,200 t）[176] 4 × shafts
4 x Parsons turbines
31.57 kn（58.47 km/h；36.33 mph）[177][178] 		2 October 1942 25 April 1946 Sold for scrap 4 August 1960

See also 编辑

Notes 编辑

Footnotes 编辑

  1. ^ USS New York may have sunk a submarine in October 1918, when she accidentally collided with what was suspected to be a submerged U-boat but this was never confirmed.[22]
  2. ^ The fourth St Vincent-class ship would become HMS Neptune.[42]
  3. ^ While Burt makes no mention of Orion's activity from January 1914 to May 1916, it is to be assumed that she participated in the activities of the 2nd Squadron.[81]
  4. ^ HMS King George V's name originally was to be HMS Royal George, but this was changed in 1910, before construction began.[102]
  5. ^ There was originally to be a sixth Queen Elizabeth-class battleship, HMS Agincourt, but she was cancelled before construction began.[167]

Citations 编辑

  1. ^ Keegan (1999)，第209页.
  2. ^ Keegan (1999)，第281页.
  3. ^ Sondhaus (2001)，第161页.
  4. ^ The First World War and the Inter-war years 1914–1939. Royal Navy. [14 May 2009]. （原始内容存档于13 January 2011）. 
  5. ^ Friedman (1985)，第181-82页.
  6. ^ Kennedy (1983)，第277页.
  7. ^ Ireland (1997)，第124-126, 139-142页.
  8. ^ Sumrall (1973)，第25–28页.
  9. ^ Vanguard to Trident 1945–2000. Royal Navy. [15 September 2010]. 
  10. ^ Gardiner (2001)，第7, 14页.
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Gardiner (1992)，第18页.
  12. ^ Massie (1991)，第474页.
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Burt (1986)，第31页.
  14. ^ Sturton (2008)，第76-77页.
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Burt (1986)，第29页.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Roberts (1992)，第28页.
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Gardiner & Gray (1985)，第21页.
  18. ^ Roberts (1992)，第13, 16页.
  19. ^ Roberts (1992)，第18-20, 50页.
  20. ^ Roberts (1992)，第21页.
  21. ^ Sturton (2008)，第79页.
  22. ^ Jones (1995)，第66-67页.
  23. ^ Johnston & Buxton (2013)，第41, 44页.
  24. ^ Roberts (1992)，第22-23页.
  25. ^ Roberts (1992)，第31–32, 139–43页.
  26. ^ Roberts (1992)，第26页.
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 Friedman (2015)，第97页.
  28. ^ Brooks (1995)，第41–42页.
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 Parkes (1990)，第498页.
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 Burt (1986)，第62, 64页.
  31. ^ Burt (1986)，第71, 73-74页.
  32. ^ Campbell (1986)，第156-57, 208, 210, 212, 231-32, 349页.
  33. ^ Dreadnought Project: HMS Bellerophon.
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 Burt (1986)，第73页.
  35. ^ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Burt (1986)，第64页.
  36. ^ Burt (1986)，第71-73页.
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Burt (1986)，第31, 64页.
  38. ^ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 Gardiner & Gray (1985)，第22页.
  39. ^ Burt (1986)，第71-72页.
  40. ^ Burt (1986)，第72-73页.
  41. ^ Burt (1986)，第73-74页.
  42. ^ Friedman (2015)，第97-102页.
  43. ^ 43.0 43.1 Friedman (2011)，第59, 62页.
  44. ^ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Parkes (1990)，第503页.
  45. ^ 45.0 45.1 Burt (1986)，第31, 64, 76, 80页.
  46. ^ 46.0 46.1 Burt (1986)，第76, 78页.
  47. ^ 47.0 47.1 Burt (1986)，第86, 88页.
  48. ^ Campbell (1986)，第157, 205, 208, 212, 214, 229-30, 232–34, 349.页.
  49. ^ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 Burt (1986)，第86页.
  50. ^ Scapa Flow Wrecks: HMS Vanguard.
  51. ^ Corbett (1997)，第431页.
  52. ^ Burt (1986)，第76页.
  53. ^ Burt (1986)，第83页.
  54. ^ Friedman (2015)，第105-07, 109页.
  55. ^ Burt (1986)，第31, 112页.
  56. ^ Parkes (1990)，第509页.
  57. ^ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 Burt (1986)，第116页.
  58. ^ 58.0 58.1 Burt (1986)，第122页.
  59. ^ Campbell (1986)，第156, 202, 205, 207, 210, 212, 349, 358页.
  60. ^ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Burt (1986)，第112页.
  61. ^ Gardiner & Gray (1985)，第25页.
  62. ^ Brooks (1995)，第42-44页.
  63. ^ Burt (1986)，第31, 64, 121-22, 124页.
  64. ^ Parkes (1990)，第519页.
  65. ^ Burt (1986)，第128-29页.
  66. ^ Burt (1986)，第128-30页.
  67. ^ Campbell (1986)，第156-58, 204-05, 207-08, 210, 212, 214, 218, 226-29, 296, 346, 349, 358页.
  68. ^ Dreadnought Project: Fourth Battle Squadron.
  69. ^ Burt (1986)，第129-130页.
  70. ^ 70.0 70.1 Burt (1986)，第121页.
  71. ^ 71.0 71.1 Gardiner & Gray (1985)，第26页.
  72. ^ Burt (1986)，第128页.
  73. ^ Burt (1986)，第129页.
  74. ^ Burt (1986)，第129-30页.
  75. ^ Burt (1986)，第130页.
  76. ^ 76.0 76.1 Friedman (2015)，第111页.
  77. ^ Burt (1986)，第132页.
  78. ^ Parkes (1990)，第510, 525–26页.
  79. ^ 79.0 79.1 Burt (1986)，第134, 136页.
  80. ^ Parkes (1990)，第253页.
  81. ^ 81.0 81.1 81.2 Burt (1986)，第146, 148, 150页.
  82. ^ Burt (1986)，第148, 150页.
  83. ^ Campbell (1986)，第156–58, 193–95, 204–10, 218–20, 226–29, 276–77, 346–47页.
  84. ^ Dreadnought Project: Operation ZZ.
  85. ^ 85.0 85.1 Admiralty (May 1919)，第5页.
  86. ^ Admiralty (April 1920)，第707a页.
  87. ^ Admiralty (November 1920)，第695–6, 707a页.
  88. ^ 88.0 88.1 Burt (1986)，第136页.
  89. ^ 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 Gardiner & Gray (1985)，第28页.
  90. ^ 90.0 90.1 90.2 Burt (1986)，第146页.
  91. ^ 91.0 91.1 91.2 91.3 Burt (1986)，第150页.
  92. ^ Burt (1986)，第148页.
  93. ^ Burt (1986)，第176-79页.
  94. ^ Brooks (1995)，第45, 47-48页.
  95. ^ 95.0 95.1 Admiralty (March 1913)，第269页.
  96. ^ Burt (1986)，第186-88页.
  97. ^ Goldrick (2015)，第156-58页.
  98. ^ Jellicoe (1919)，第149, 167–68, 173, 185页.
  99. ^ Goldrick (2015)，第200-14页.
  100. ^ Campbell (1986)，第204, 207–09, 346–47页.
  101. ^ Burt (1986)，第181, 186-188页.
  102. ^ Colledge & Warlow (2006)，第188页.
  103. ^ 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 Burt (1986)，第176页.
  104. ^ 104.0 104.1 104.2 Gardiner & Gray (1985)，第30页.
  105. ^ 105.0 105.1 Burt (1986)，第187页.
  106. ^ 106.0 106.1 106.2 Burt (1986)，第188页.
  107. ^ Lenton (1998)，第574页.
  108. ^ Friedman (2015)，第438页.
  109. ^ Jellicoe (1919)，第149页.
  110. ^ Hore (2006)，第44-45页.
  111. ^ 111.0 111.1 111.2 111.3 111.4 111.5 111.6 111.7 111.8 Gardiner & Gray (1985)，第31页.
  112. ^ 112.0 112.1 112.2 112.3 Gardiner & Gray (1985)，第32页.
  113. ^ Jellicoe (1919)，第7页.
  114. ^ Jellicoe (1919)，第168–169, 172, 173-174页.
  115. ^ Burt (1986)，第230页.
  116. ^ 116.0 116.1 116.2 Burt (1986)，第226页.
  117. ^ Campbell (1986)，第16, 121-22, 151-157, 164, 167, 188-91, 205, 206, 209, 210, 212, 296, 335页.
  118. ^ 118.0 118.1 Hore (2006)，第45页.
  119. ^ Burt (1986)，第215, 226, 228, 230, 231页.
  120. ^ Halpern (2011)，第32-33页.
  121. ^ Halpern (2011)，第251, 434页.
  122. ^ Burt (1986)，第219, 228, 230, 231页.
  123. ^ Halpern (2011)，第376页.
  124. ^ 124.0 124.1 Colledge & Warlow (2006)，第37页.
  125. ^ Burt (1986)，第227, 229页.
  126. ^ Brown (2006)，第20, 63-65, 68页.
  127. ^ Brown (2006)，第22页.
  128. ^ 128.0 128.1 Burt (1986)，第231页.
  129. ^ Colledge & Warlow (2006)，第198页.
  130. ^ Burt (1986)，第216页.
  131. ^ Burt (1986)，第229页.
  132. ^ 132.0 132.1 132.2 Burt (1986)，第245页.
  133. ^ Hough (1967)，第72, 75, 109-122页.
  134. ^ 134.0 134.1 Burt (1986)，第244-45, 250页.
  135. ^ 135.0 135.1 Gardiner & Gray (1985)，第37页.
  136. ^ 136.0 136.1 136.2 Parkes (1990)，第605页.
  137. ^ Hough (1967)，第174页.
  138. ^ Tarrant (1999)，第131, 133页.
  139. ^ Hough (1967)，第183页.
  140. ^ Newbolt (1931)，第236-37页.
  141. ^ Hough (1967)，第186页.
  142. ^ 142.0 142.1 142.2 Burt (1986)，第250页.
  143. ^ Burt (1986)，第224页.
  144. ^ Burt (1986)，第244页.
  145. ^ Burt (1986)，第245, 250页.
  146. ^ Burt (1986)，第247–48, 252页.
  147. ^ Silverstone (1984)，第230页.
  148. ^ Jellicoe (1919)，第129-33, 135–37, 143, 156, 158, 163–65, 179, 182–84页.
  149. ^ Admiralty (July 1915)，第10页.
  150. ^ Admiralty (December 1915)，第10页.
  151. ^ Campbell (1986)，第96, 148, 197–98, 248, 273–74, 346, 358页.
  152. ^ Halpern (1995)，第330-32, 418-20页.
  153. ^ Admiralty (March 1919)，第10页.
  154. ^ 154.0 154.1 154.2 Burt (1986)，第256页.
  155. ^ Admiralty (January 1920)，第695–6, 770–1页.
  156. ^ Burt (1986)，第247-48页.
  157. ^ 157.0 157.1 Burt (1986)，第248页.
  158. ^ Burt (1986)，第247-248页.
  159. ^ Chilean Navy: Almirante Latorre.
  160. ^ Burt (1986)，第257-60, 262-63页.
  161. ^ Gardiner & Gray (1985)，第38页.
  162. ^ 162.0 162.1 162.2 162.3 Burt (1986)，第266页.
  163. ^ Campbell (1986)，第157, 206-07, 210页.
  164. ^ 164.0 164.1 164.2 Burt (1986)，第260页.
  165. ^ Burt (1986)，第262-63页.
  166. ^ Burt (1986)，第265页.
  167. ^ Parkes (1990)，第600页.
  168. ^ Bennett (2008)，第118页.
  169. ^ 169.0 169.1 Garzke (1985)，第5页.
  170. ^ Roberts (1989)，第13页.
  171. ^ Roberts (1989)，第14页.
  172. ^ Maiolo (1998)，第148-150页.
  173. ^ Maiolo (1998)，第151页.
  174. ^ Raven & Roberts (1976)，第284, 297, 321, 325, 334, 339页.
  175. ^ Raven & Roberts (1976)，第325页.
  176. ^ Raven & Roberts (1976)，第297页.
  177. ^ Garzke & Dulin (1980)，第297页.
  178. ^ Raven & Roberts (1976)，第334页.

References 编辑

External links 编辑

The Navy List, National Library of Scotland
Dreadnought Project

Template:Battleships

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