约翰·艾伦·赵
约翰·艾伦·赵[a](英语:John Allen Chau;1991年12月18日—2018年11月17日),美籍华裔基督教福音派传教士,在2018年11月因为试图非法登上印度北森蒂纳尔岛向未接触部落桑提内尔人进行传教活动时被杀[3][4]。
John Allen Chau | |
---|---|
出生 | [1] 美国亚拉巴马州斯科茨博罗 | 1991年12月18日
逝世 | 2018年11月17日 印度北森蒂纳尔岛 | (26岁)
国籍 | 美国 |
教育程度 | 奥罗尔罗伯茨大学[2] |
职业 | 基督教传士 |
早年
编辑赵在1991年12月18日生于亚拉巴马州斯科茨博罗,是家中三名子女中的幼子,其父帕特里克·赵是华裔精神科医师,在文革时期逃离中国[5]。约翰·赵在童年时期喜欢露营,远足和旅游,且在各会类活动和慈善活动等表出色,并崇拜探险家和传教士如戴维·利文斯通和布鲁斯·奥尔森[6] 。
他在奥罗尔罗伯茨大学完成大学课程,取得运动生理学学位荣誉[7] ,曾担任大学足球教主教练[8]。
赵曾在各地进行传教活动,包括墨西哥、南非和伊拉克库尔德斯坦。2015及2016年,他曾踏足安达曼群岛作为传教活动的部分旅程,但当时没有去北森蒂纳尔岛[6]。
接触桑提内尔人及遇害
编辑2017年,赵参加了堪萨斯城福音派组织的全民组织(All Nations)所举办的训练营[9],营中包括扮演在原始部落中行走,由工作人员假扮对传教士有敌意的部落人,并持有假矛[10]。
2018年10月,他到达首府布莱尔港安顿一切,准备了首次与原始部落人接触物品包括用来沟通的图画卡,礼物,医疗物品及其它必需品[6]。早在同年8月,印度政府撤消了安达曼-尼科巴群岛的29个有人岛的限制区域许可证,以刺激当地旅游业[11][12],可是在没有印度政府批准下造访北森蒂纳尔岛仍是非法行为[13][14][15]。
11月,赵前往北森蒂纳尔岛,他视该岛为“撒旦最后据点”[16],希望能接触及与岛民桑提内尔人一起生活[17][9]。在起程前,他打了疫苗和进行隔离[18],并接受了医疗及语言学训练[19]。他以25,000印度卢比(335.47美元)贿赂了两名渔民带他去北森蒂纳尔岛[20],该两名渔民后来被捕[21]。
赵对该岛传教有强烈的欲望,并清楚知道其道德和法律风险。他在日记中写道“主,这是撒旦最后的据点吗,他们未曾亦未有机会听过你的名字?”,“这个部落的永生就在眼前”,“我认为值得向这些人宣教。如果我被杀害,请不要向主或他们生气...不要拿回我的尸体”[22][23][24]。
11月15日,他首次尝试登岛,渔船带他离陆地约500—700米(1,600—2,300英尺)处[20]。渔民警告他不能再进一步靠近,但他选择划艇前进并带着一本防水圣经。他试图与岛民沟通[25]及提供礼物,但遭受敌意回应后被迫折返[24][26]。
第二次尝试,岛民有娱乐、困惑和敌意的回应。赵试图唱赞美歌给岛民听,并向他们说科萨语。其他的沟通尝试都以岛民大笑而失败告终[26]。赵表示,他们通过“大量高音调的声音”和手势进行交流[27]。最后赵尝试提供鱼和礼物给他们时,一名男孩射箭攻击了他,金属箭头射穿了在他胸前的圣经,使他这次再一次折返。
事后
编辑得知赵遇害后,渔民回到布莱尔港并向赵的传教士朋友递交他的日记,他的朋友定居在布莱尔港[20]。朋友告知赵的家人关于他的消息,并同时向美国在清奈的总领事馆寻求协助[20]。11月19日,安达曼政府收到关于他的消息[20]。21日,警察总局发布一份声明,禁止任何人登陆北森蒂纳尔岛[20]。
尽管在印度当局多次努力下,包括多次与岛民紧张接触,仍无法取回赵的尸体,并最终放弃了[9]。一名参与此案的人类学家告诉卫报表示调查员与岛民发生冲突风险太大,难以再进行另一次尝试[29]。赵的事件以谋杀案件调查[30]。
赵的行为受到国际生存组织批评,指他可能会把病原体引入当地,他们因为与世隔绝而因感染新病菌而致命[5][31][32][33]。赵参与过的全民组织则在社交网站追悼他为烈士,对赵的逝世表示哀悼。赵的父亲也把儿子的死归咎于传教团体向他灌输极端的基督教观念[6]。
特里尔大学文化人类学教师米夏埃尔·舍恩胡特(Michael Schönhuth)指与与世隔绝的原居民,例如桑提内尔人接触在即使在学界仍是一项争议题目,但是不受控的接触例如赵的案件是必需禁止的,因为这可能会把致命病菌带到并感染当地缺乏免疫系统的居民[34]。
参考资料
编辑- ^ Christian Martyr: John Allen Chau. Covenant Journey. November 21, 2018 [2020-04-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-03).
- ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Kumar, Hari; Schultz, Kai. A Man's Last Letter Before Being Killed on a Forbidden Island. The New York Times. November 23, 2018 [2020-04-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-26).
- ^ Sasikumar, M. The Sentinelese of North Sentinel island: A reappraisal of tribal scenario in an Andaman Island in the context of killing of an American Preacher. Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India. 2019, 68 (1): 56–69. doi:10.1177/2277436X19844882 .
- ^ McKirdy, Euan. 'You guys might think I'm crazy': Diary of US 'missionary' reveals last days in remote island. CNN. November 22, 2018 [2020-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-28).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Perry, Alex. The Last Days of John Allen Chau. Outside. July 24, 2019 [2020-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-10).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Conroy, J. Oliver. The life and death of John Chau, the man who tried to convert his killers. The Guardian. February 3, 2019 [2020-07-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-18).
- ^ Whole Leaders For The Whole World, [2022-11-08], (原始内容存档于2022-07-27) (英语)
- ^ ORU Men's Soccer. (2022). Retrieved 27 July 2022, from https://twitter.com/orumsoccer/status/1065364614010077185 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Police face off with Sentinelese tribe as they struggle to recover slain missionary's body. News.com.au. November 26, 2018 [2020-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-26).
- ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey. John Chau aced missionary boot camp. Reality proved a harsher test. The New York Times. 30 November 2018 [2020-06-30]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-28).
- ^ Restricted Area Permit eased for foreigners visiting 29 Andaman and Nicobar Islands. www.gktoday.in. [2022-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-05).
- ^ NCST to visit A&N Islands from 4th to 6th December 2018, to investigate and monitor the issue of U.S. national feared killed by protected tribes (新闻稿). 28 Nov 2018 [2022-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-02) –通过Press Information Bureau (pib.gov.in).
- ^ Protecting the Sentinelese. Drishti IAS. [2022-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-05) (英语).
- ^ Primitive tribals in hilly / forest areas (新闻稿). Ministry of Tribal Affairs. 2 Dec 2019 [2022-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-02) –通过Press Information Bureau (pib.gov.in).
- ^ Osborne, Mark; Joglekar, Rahul. John Allen Chau detailed efforts to convert islanders to Christianity in final diary entries: 'You guys might think I'm crazy'. ABC News. 26 November 2018 [2020-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-24).
- ^ Gjelten, Tom. Killing of American missionary ignites debate over how to evangelize. National Public Radio. 27 November 2018 [2020-07-16]. (原始内容存档于2020-07-12) –通过NPR.org (英语).
- ^ Bonner, David. John Allen Chau is no Jim Elliot. The story of John Chau illustrates the dangers of indoctrination in evangelical culture and being naïve. Wondering Eagle (blog). 8 December 2018 [2020-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-24) –通过WordPress.
- ^ What John Allen Chau's missions agency wants you to know. Christianity Today. 28 November 2018 [2020-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-24).
- ^ Stetzer, Ed. Slain missionary John Chau prepared much more than we thought, but are missionaries still fools?. The Washington Post. 28 November 2018 [2020-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-24).
- ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 Banerjie, Monideepa. American paid fishermen Rs. 25,000 for fatal trip to Andamans island. New Delhi Television. 22 November 2018 [2020-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-21).
- ^ Eustachewich, Lia. Cops arrest suspects believed to help US missionary on fatal trip. The New York Post. 23 November 2018 [2020-03-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-24).
- ^ Slater, Joanna. 'Satan's last stronghold ... ?’ U.S. man wrote before death on Andaman island. New Delhi Television. 23 November 2018 [27 November 2018]. (原始内容存档于27 November 2018).
- ^ Chavez, Nicole. Indian authorities struggle to retrieve U.S. missionary feared killed on remote island. CNN. 25 November 2018 [25 November 2018]. (原始内容存档于25 November 2018) (美国英语).
- ^ 24.0 24.1 US tourist killed by tribe in Andaman and Nicobar's North Sentinel Island, seven arrested in connection with murder. firstpost.com. 21 November 2018 [22 November 2018]. (原始内容存档于22 November 2018).
- ^ Slater, Joanna. 'God, I don't want to die', U.S. missionary wrote before he was killed by remote tribe on Indian island. The Washington Post. 21 November 2018 [22 November 2018]. (原始内容存档于21 November 2018).
- ^ 26.0 26.1 Gettleman, Jeffrey; Kumar, Hari; Schultz, Kai. A man's last letter before being killed on a forbidden island. The New York Times. 23 November 2018 [26 November 2018]. (原始内容存档于26 November 2018).
- ^ Slater, Joanna; Gowen, Annie. Fear and faith: Inside the last days of an American missionary died on tribe's remote Indian Ocean island. The Washington Post. 23 November 2018 [26 November 2018]. (原始内容存档于25 November 2018).
- ^ U.S. man killed by remote tribe was trying to spread Christianity. South China Morning Post. Reuters. 22 Nov 2018 [24 November 2018]. (原始内容存档于23 November 2018) (英语).
Notes by John Allen Chau, shot dead with arrows last week on India’s North Sentinel Island, show he hoped to ‘establish the kingdom of Jesus on the island’. Chau’s notes reveal bafflement at ‘aggressive’ responses from the tribe when he had ‘been so nice to them’.
- ^ Safi, Michael; Giles, Denis. India has no plans to recover body of US missionary killed by tribe. The Guardian. November 28, 2018 [2020-04-24]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-28).
- ^ 'Incredibly dangerous' to retrieve body from North Sentinel. BBC News. John Allen Chau. 26 November 2018 [2020-06-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-10).
- ^ Elonai, Maisha. John Allen Chau was brave. He was also reckless. The Washington Post. 28 November 2018 [March 28, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-29).
- ^ Statement on killing of American man John Allen Chau by Sentinelese tribe, Andaman Islands (新闻稿). Survival International. 21 November 2018 [March 28, 2020]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-22) –通过survivalinternational.org.
- ^ Missionary claims that John Chau did not pose a threat to the Sentinelese – Survival responds (新闻稿). Survival International. 29 November 2018 [5 May 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-20) –通过survivalinternational.org (英语).
- ^ Schönhuth, M. Dead missionaries, wild Sentinelese: An anthropological review of a global media event. Anthropology Today. 2019, 35 (4): 3–6. doi:10.1111/1467-8322.12514 .
注释
编辑- ^ 或译周姓