西班牙征服阿兹特克帝国
西班牙征服阿兹特克帝国，又称西班牙-阿兹特克战争（1519-1521），是西班牙殖民美洲的过程中最重要的战役之一。这一场战役之后西班牙殖民者成功镇压了阿兹特克人，并占领了今日墨西哥中部地区，但并未征服整个现代墨西哥地区。
| 西班牙征服阿兹特克帝国 | |||||||||
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| 西班牙美洲殖民化与墨西哥印第安人战争的一部分 | |||||||||
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| 参战方 | |||||||||
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联盟城邦: 独立城邦: | |||||||||
| 指挥官与领导者 | |||||||||
 埃尔南·科尔特斯佩德罗·德·阿尔瓦拉多Gonzalo de Sandoval Cristóbal de Olid Nuño de Guzmán Xicotencatl the Younger † Xicotencatl the Elder Maxixcatl Xicomecoatl |
 坦加苏安二世  | ||||||||
| 兵力 | |||||||||
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特拉斯卡拉联邦与其他联盟: ~80,000–200,000 托托纳卡潘: 400 |
塔拉斯坎王国: 100,000 | ||||||||
| 伤亡与损失 | |||||||||
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200,000名死者[2] 300艘战船沉没[2] | ||||||||
自从哥伦布发现美洲大陆、并在那里建立了数个殖民据点之后，在西班牙王室的授权下，殖民者以殖民据点为根据地，四处派出远征队，发现、征服并且殖民新领地。1519年2月，西班牙殖民者在埃尔南·科尔特斯的率领下从墨西哥湾登陆，向阿兹特克前进，在此之前，科尔特斯没有任何军事经验。阿兹特克人却将他们请进了首都特诺奇蒂特兰。但西班牙人却软禁了皇帝蒙特祖马二世，向阿兹特克人勒索黄金。科尔特斯随后被愤怒的阿兹特克人击败，被迫逃亡到与阿兹特克敌对的国家特拉斯卡拉寻求庇护。一年之后，在特拉斯卡拉、森波阿拉等与阿兹特克敌对国家的帮助下，科尔特斯再次攻打阿兹特克，在1521年8月13日以沉重地代价攻陷了特诺奇提特兰，将其夷为平地，改建为墨西哥城。
相关条目
编辑参考文献
编辑- ^ 1.0 1.1 Thomas, Hugh.Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes, and the Fall of Old Mexico, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 528-529.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Clodfelter 2017，第32页.
- ^ Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140441239: states that Cortes's men lost all the artillery they had initially arrived with during La Noche Triste.
- ^ Bernard Grunberg, "La folle aventure d'Hernan Cortés", in L'Histoire n°322, July–August 2007: states that Cortes arrived in Mexico with 15 cannons, before acquiring the forces of Pánfilo de Narváez.
扩展阅读
编辑一手资料
编辑- Alva Ixtlilxochitil, Fernando. Ally of Cortés: Account 13 of the Coming of the Spaniards and the Beginning of the Evangelical Law. Douglass K. Ballentine, translator. El Paso: Texas Western Press 1969. ISBN 978-0874-04015-9
- Anonymous Conqueror, the. Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan. Marshall Saville (trans). New York: The Cortés Society. 1917 [1550].
- Codex Azcatitlan, Introduction de Michel Graulich, commentaire de Robert H. Barlow mis à jour par Michel Graulich [comment by Robert h. Barlow put updated by Michel Graulich] Bibliothèque nationale de France-Société des Américanistes, Paris, 1995. （法文） ISBN 978-2717-71944-4
- Cortés, Hernán. Letters – available as Letters from Mexico translated by Anthony Pagden (1986) ISBN 0-300-09094-3
- de Fuentes, Patricia, ed. The Conquistadors: First-Person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1993. Previously published by Orion Press 1963. ISBN 978-0806-12562-6
- 贝尔纳尔·迪亚斯·德尔·卡斯蒂略, The Conquest of New Spain – available as The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico: 1517–1521 ISBN 0-306-81319-X
- Durán, Diego. The History of the Indies of New Spain (1581). Translated and edited by Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1994. ISBN 978-0806-14107-7
- León-Portilla, Miguel (Ed.). The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. Ángel María Garibay K. (Nahuatl-Spanish trans.), Lysander Kemp (Spanish-English trans.), Alberto Beltran (illus.) Expanded and updated. Boston: Beacon Press. 1992 [1959]. ISBN 0-8070-5501-8. (textbook, anthology)
- Lockhart, James. We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1991. (anthology) ISBN 978-1592-44681-0
- 弗朗西斯科·洛佩斯·哥马拉. Cortés: The Life of the Conqueror by His Secretary, Translated by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1964. ISBN 978-0520-00491-7
- 弗朗西斯科·洛佩斯·哥马拉, Hispania Victrix; First and Second Parts of the General History of the Indies, with the whole discovery and notable things that have happened since they were acquired until the year 1551, with the conquest of Mexico and New Spain
- 贝尔纳迪诺·德萨阿贡. General History of the Things of New Spain (The 佛罗伦萨手抄本). Book 12. Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble, translators. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-1607-81167-1
- 贝尔纳迪诺·德萨阿贡. The Conquest of New Spain, 1585 Revision. Trans. by Howard F. Cline, introduction and notes by S.L. Cline. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1989.ISBN 978-0874-80311-2
- Schwartz, Stuart B., ed. Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico. Boston: Bedford, 2000. (textbook, anthology) ISBN 978-0312-39355-7
- Siepel, Kevin H. Conquistador Voices: The Spanish Conquest of the Americas as recounted largely by the Participants. vol. 1. Spruce Tree Press 2015. (textbook, anthology) ISBN 978-0978-64662-2
- Solis, Antonio de. The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards (1753). Trans. Thomas Townsend. 2 vols. New York: AMS Press 1973. ISBN 978-1385-12366-9
- Solis, Antonio de. Historia de la conquista de Méjico. Reprint, Forgotten Books 2018. ISBN 978-0265-70774-6
- Vázquez de Tapia, Bernardino. Relación de méritos y servicios del conquistador. (c. 1545). Mexico: UNAM 1972.
二手资料
编辑- Berdan, Frances F.. The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, (1982) ISBN 0-03-055736-4
- Hassig, Ross. Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico. Texas University Press (2001) ISBN 0-292-73139-6
- Hassig, Ross. Mexico and the Spanish Conquest. Longman: London and New York, (1994) ISBN 0-582-06828-2
- Gruzinski, Serge. The Conquest of Mexico: Incorporation of Indian Societies into the Western World, 16th – 18th centuries. Polity Press 1993. ISBN 978-0745-61226-3
- Prescott, William H.. History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）ISBN 0-375-75803-8
- Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest. Oxford University Press (2003) ISBN 0-19-516077-0
- Restall, Matthew. When Montezuma Met Cortés: The True Story of the Meeting that Changed History. Ecco 2018. ISBN 978-0062-42726-7
- Todorov, Tzvetan. The Conquest of America by (1996) ISBN 0-06-132095-1
- Thomas, Hugh .Conquest: Cortés, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico by (1993) ISBN 0-671-51104-1
- White, Jon Manchip Cortés and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire by (1971) ISBN 0-7867-0271-0
传记
编辑- Brandt, Anthony. "Perfect storm at Tenochtitlan 1521: How Cortes's band of hidalgos destroyed the Mexica Empire." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History (2014): 58.
- Daniel, Douglas A. "Tactical Factors in the Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs." Anthropological Quarterly (1992): 187–94.
- Raudzens, George. "So Why Were the Aztecs Conquered, and What Were the Wider Implications? Testing Military Superiority as a Cause of Europe's Pre-Industrial Colonial Conquests." War in History (1995): 87–104.
- Townsend, Camilla. Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006.
- White, John Manchip. "Cortes and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire: A Study in a Conflict of Cultures." The Hispanic American Historical Review (1972): 467–68.
外部链接
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维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：西班牙征服阿兹特克帝国