新西班牙总督辖区
新西班牙总督辖区（西班牙语：Virreinato de Nueva España IPA：[birei̯ˈnato ðe ˈnweβa esˈpaɲa]），是西班牙帝国管理北美洲和菲律宾的殖民地总督辖地，首府位于墨西哥城。新西班牙总督的管辖范围包含今墨西哥、中美洲（除巴拿马）、美国加利福尼亚州、内华达州、犹他州、科罗拉多州、亚利桑那州、新墨西哥州、得克萨斯州、今日加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚的西南部，加上危地马拉都督府（包括今日的危地马拉、墨西哥恰帕斯州、伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯、尼亚加拉瓜）和古巴都督府（包含今日的古巴、墨西哥恰帕斯州、伯利兹、多米尼加、特立尼达和多巴哥、波多黎各和瓜地洛普），以及亚洲的菲律宾都督府（包含今日的菲律宾、关岛、加罗林群岛、马里亚纳群岛、西属艾尔摩莎和德那第苏丹国）。
新西班牙总督辖区 Virreinato de Nueva España（西班牙语） | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1521年—1821年 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 新西班牙首府墨西哥市的市徽
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 格言：Plus Ultra（拉丁语） 通向更远方 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 国歌：《皇家进行曲》 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
西班牙勃艮第十字旗 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 1795年，西班牙帝国殖民地最盛疆域。 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 地位 | 西班牙帝国之总督辖区 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 首都 | 墨西哥城 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 常用语言 | 西班牙语（官方） 其他语言：法语、纳瓦特语、玛雅语、美洲原住民语言、菲律宾语、台湾原住民语言 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 宗教 | 罗马天主教 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 政府 | 总督辖区 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 西班牙国王 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1535－1556 | 卡洛斯一世 （首任） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1813－1821 | 费尔南多七世（末任） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 总督 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1535－1550 | 安东尼奥·德·门多萨（首任） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1821 | 胡安·奥多诺胡（行政长官） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 立法机构 | 印度议会 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 历史时期 | 殖民时期 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 征服阿兹特克 | 1519–1521年 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 总督辖区成立 | 1521年 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1717年5月27日 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1739年 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 圣伊德方索条约 | 1800年10月1日 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1819年2月22日 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 西班牙立宪革命废止了新西班牙总督辖区 | 1820年5月31日 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1821年1810年－ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 人口 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1519年 | 2000万 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
• 1810年 | 500到650万 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 货币 | 西班牙殖民雷亚尔 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 今属于 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1535年后，殖民地开始由新西班牙总督实行君权统治，总督由西班牙国王指派。首府设在墨西哥城。[1][2]
新西班牙的领土有些被其他欧洲强权夺取，有些独立建国，而其核心区域则一直在西班牙统治下，直到1821年独立成墨西哥第一帝国，该帝国解体后成为今日的墨西哥和中美洲。新西班牙的行政区划高度在地化，其分区以气候、地形、原住民人口密度进行划分。墨西哥中部与南部原住民人口密度高，拥有复杂的社会、政治和经济组织。墨西哥北部的原住民则是游牧或半游牧民族，本来无法发展成密集人口的社会。然而1540年代于萨卡特卡斯发现了银矿后，开始涌入更多的定居人口。银矿不只是新西班牙的经济命脉，同时也是西班牙快速致富的关键，改变了全球经济。新西班牙是菲律宾贸易在新世界的终点站，使得该地成为西班牙新世界帝国与亚洲帝国之间的重要连接点。
新西班牙王国与西班牙王位之间的关系
编辑1521年，西班牙人征服了阿兹特克帝国后，建立了新西班牙王国这个新世界王国。由于伊莎贝拉一世资助了美洲的探险活动，因此新西班牙国王的头衔属于西班牙君主。[3][4]虽然新西班牙为西班牙的附属地，然而名义上并非殖民地而是一个“王国”，其王位附属在西班牙王位之下[5]。君主在海外领地中有至高无上的权力。
国王并不仅仅拥有统治权，还拥有所有权：对于美洲领地中的一切财产，国王拥有绝对的所有权；政治上则是独揽大权的统治者。一切的特权、职位﹑经济政治或宗教都是由国王掌控。[5]
新西班牙总督辖区1535年在新西班牙王国中建立。是西班牙第一个拥有的总督辖区，也是18世纪波旁改革前仅有的两个总督辖区之一。
历史
编辑在1521年之前，西班牙尚未征服阿兹特克帝国时，西班牙人在加勒比海群岛及其周边地区进行的探险和拓荒，在政治上、战略上、或甚至经济上都不具重要性。然而西班牙人于这些在加勒比地区先行的探险、征服、拓垦和直辖统治，不但颇具成效，且深远影响着周边地区，例如墨西哥和秘鲁。[6] 西班牙人所控制的中部美洲当地社会，比起他们在加勒比地区所遇见的社会更加复杂且富裕。对卡斯蒂利亚王权而言，既是重要的机会也是潜在的威胁，因为征服者不受王权约束，而独自行动。这些中美洲当地社会提供了如同埃尔南·科尔特斯这样的征服者自治的基础，甚至从王权中独立出来。
行政区划
编辑.svg)
.svg)
相关条目
编辑参考文献
编辑引用
编辑- ^ Haring (1947)
- ^ Altman，Cline & Pescador (2003)
- ^ Haring (1947), pp. 7, 105
- ^ Liss (1975), p. 33
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Haring (1947), p. 7
- ^ Lockhart & Schwartz (1983), pp. 61-85
来源
编辑- Altman, Ida. Transatlantic Ties in the Spanish Empire: Brihuega, Spain & Puebla, Mexico, 1560–1620. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 2000.
- Altman, Ida; Cline, Sarah; Pescador, Juan Javier. The Early History of Greater Mexico. Prentice Hall. 2003. ISBN 978-0-1309-1543-6.
- Bannon, John Francis. The Spanish Borderlands Frontier: 1513-1821. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. 1974.
- Baskes, Jeremy. Indians, Merchants, and Markets: A Reinterpretation of the Repartimiento and Spanish-Indian Economic Relations in Colonial Oaxaca 1750–1821. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 2000.
- Bolton, Herbert Eugene (编). Spanish Explorations in the Southwest, 1542-1706. New York, NY: Barnes and Noble. 1956.
- Brading, D. A. Haciendas and Ranchos in the Mexican Bajío: León 1700-1860. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 1978.
- Carrera, Magali Marie. Imagining Identity in New Spain: Race, Lineage, and the Colonial Body in Portraiture and Casta Paintings. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 2003 [2019-02-01]. ISBN 0-292-71245-6. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02）.
- Carroll, Patrick. Black Laborers and Their Experience in Colonial Jalapa. Elsa Cecilia Frost et al. (编). El trabajo y los trabajadores. Mexico City & Tucson, AZ: El Colegio de Mexico & University of Arizona Press. 1979.
- Carroll, Patrick J. Blacks in Colonial Veracruz: Race, Ethnicity, and Regional Development. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1991.
- Castleman, Bruce A. Building the King's Highway: Labor, Society, and Family on Mexico's Caminos Reales 1757–1804. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. 2005.
- Chance, John. Conquest of the Sierra: Spaniards and Indians in Colonial Oaxaca. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 1989.
- Cline, S. L. A Cacicazgo in the Seventeenth Century: The Case of Xochimilco. H. R. Harvey (编). Land and Politics in the Valley of Mexico. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. 1991.
- Coatsworth, John H. Economic and Institutional Trajectories in Nineteenth-Century Latin America. John H. Coatsworth & Alan M. Taylor (编). Latin America and the World Economy since 1800. Cambridge, MA: David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University. 1998.
- Cutter, Charles R. The Legal Culture of Northern New Spain, 1700-1810. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. 1995.
- Deans-Smith, Susan. Bureaucrats, Planters, and Workers: The Making of the Tobacco Monopoly in Bourbon Mexico. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. 1992.
- Farriss, Nancy. Maya Society under Colonial Rule: The Collective Enterprise of Survival. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1984.
- Foster, Lynn V. A Brief History of Central America. New York, NY: Facts on File. 2000. ISBN 0-8160-3962-3.
- Gerhard, Peter. The Historical Geography of New Spain 2nd. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 1993.
- Gibson, Charles. Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1952.
- Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: a History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519-1810. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1964.
- Gonzales, Phillip B. Struggle for survival: the Hispanic land grants of New Mexico, 1848–2001. Agricultural History. 2003, 77 (2): 293–324. JSTOR 3744837.
- Gutiérrez Brockington, Lolita. The Leverage of Labor: Managing the Cortés Haciendas of Tehuantepec, 1588–1688. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 1989.
- Hamnett, Brian R. Politics and Trade in Southern Mexico 1750–1821. Cambridge University Press. 1971.
- Haring, Clarence Henry. The Spanish Empire in America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1947.
- Hirschberg, Julia. Social experiments in New Spain: a prosopographical study of the early settlement at Puebla de Los Angeles, 1531–1534. Hispanic American Historical Review. 1979, 59 (1): 1–33. JSTOR 2514134.
- von Humboldt, Alexander. Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain. Paris: F. Schoell. 1811 （法语）.
- Hunt, Marta Espejo Ponce. The Processes of the Development of Yucatan, 1600–1700. Ida Altman & James Lockhart (编). The Provinces of Early Mexico: Variants of Spanish American Regional Evolution. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Latin American Center. 1976.
- Israel, Jonathan I. Race, Class, and Politics in Colonial Mexico. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 1975.
- Jackson, Robert H. Indian Population Decline: the Missions of Northwestern New Spain, 1687-1840. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. 1994.
- Lewis, Leslie. In Mexico City's Shadow: Some Aspects of Economic Activity and Social Processes in Texcoco, 1570–1620. The Provinces of Early Mexico, James Lockhart and Ida Altman, eds. Los Angeles. UCLA Latin American Center Publications. 1976: 125–136.
- Liss, Peggy K. Mexico Under Spain: Society and the Origins of Nationality. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. 1975.
- Lockhart, James. Introduction. The Provinces of Early Mexico. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Latin American Center. 1976.
- Lockhart, James. Trunk lines and feeder lines: The Spanish Reaction to American Resources. James Lockhart (编). Of Things of the Indies: Essays Old and New in Early Latin American History. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1991.
- Lockhart, James. The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1992.
- Lockhart, James; Altman, Ida (编). The Provinces of Early Mexico. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Latin American Center. 1976.
- Lockhart, James; Schwartz, Stuart. Early Latin America. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 1983.
- Lombardi, Cathryn L.; Lombardi, John V.; Stoner, K. Lynn. Latin American History: a Teaching Atlas. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. 1983. ISBN 0-299-09714-5.
- Marichal, Carlos. Mexican Cochineal and the European Demand for American Dyes, 1550–1850. Steven Topik, Carlos Marichal & Zephyr Frank (编). From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500–2000. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 2006: 76–92.
- McCaa, Robert. The peopling of Mexico from origins to revolution. Michael R. Haines & Richard H. Steckel (编). A Population History of North America. Cambridge University Press. 2000: 241–304 [2019-02-01]. ISBN 9780521496667. （原始内容存档于2016-04-16）.
- Monsivaís, Carlos. 'Just Over That Hill'": Notes on Centralism and Regional Cultures. Eric Van Young (编). Mexico's Regions. Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, UCSD. 1992.
- de la Mota Padilla, Matías. Conquista del Reino de Nueva Galicia en la América Septrentrional..., Texas, Sonora, Sinaloa, con noticias de la California [Conquest of the Kingdom of New Galicia in North America..., Texas, Sonora, Sinaloa, with news of California]. Mexico. 1870 [1742] （西班牙语）.
- Navarro y Noriega, Fernando. Report on the population of the kingdom of New Spain. Mexico: Office of D. Juan Bautista de Arizpe. 1820 （西班牙语）.
- Ouweneel, Arij. Shadows over Anahuac: an Ecological Interpretation of Crisis and Development in Central Mexico, 1730-1800. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. 1997.
- Reed, Nelson A. The Caste War of Yucatan. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1964.
- Restall, Matthew. The Maya World: Yucatec Culture and Society, 1550–1850. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1997.
- Restall, Matthew. The Black Middle: Africans, Mayas, and Spaniards in Colonial Yucatan. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 2009.
- Robinson, William Wilcox. Land in California: the story of mission lands, ranchos, squatters, mining claims, railroad grants, land scrip and homesteads. University of California Press. 1979.
- Rojas Rabiela, Teresa. Ecological and Agricultural Changes in the Chinampas of Xochimilco-Chalco. H. R. Harvey (编). Land and Politics in the Valley of Mexico. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. 1991: 275–290.
- Salvucci, Richard. Textiles and Capitalism in Mexico: An Economic History of the Obraje. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1987.
- Sanchez, Joseph P.; Spude, Robert L. New Mexico: A History. 2013.
- Shafer, Robert J. The Economic Societies in the Spanish World, 1763–1821. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 1958.
- de Solís, Antonio. Historia de la conquista de México, poblacion y progresos de la América Septentrional, conocida por el nombre de Nueva España. Barcelona: Thomas Piferrer. 1771 （西班牙语）.
- Spicer, Edward H. Cycles of Conquest: The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. 1962.
- Szewczyk, David M. New Elements in the Society of Tlaxcala, 1519–1618. James Lockhart & Ida Altman (编). The Provinces of Early Mexico. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Latin American Center Publications. 1976: 137–154.
- Thomson, Guy P. C. Puebla de Los Angeles: Industry and Society in a Mexican City, 1700–1850. Westview Press. 1989.
- Tovell, Freeman M. At the Far Reaches of Empire: the Life of Juan Francisco De La Bodega Y Quadra. University of British Columbia Press. 2008 [2019-02-01]. ISBN 978-0-7748-1367-9. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02）.
- Tutino, John. Life and Labor on North Mexican Haciendas. Elsa Cecilia Frost et al. (编). El trabajo y los trabajadores en la historia de México. El Colegio de México y University of Arizona Press. 1979.
- Tutino, John. From Insurrection to Revolution: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence 1750-1940. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1986.
- Van Young, Eric. Introduction to the 25th Anniversary Edition. Hacienda and Market in Eighteenth-Century Mexico 2nd. 2006.
- Weber, David J. The Spanish Frontier in North America. Yale University Press. 1992. ISBN 0300059175.
- Zeitlin, Judith Francis. Ranchers and Indians on the Southern Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Hispanic American Historical Review. 1989, 69 (1): 23–60.
- Zeitlin, Judith Francis. Cultural Politics in Colonial Tehuantepec: Community and State among the Isthmus Zapotec, 1500–1750. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 2005.
历史书目
编辑- Hanke, Lewis. Do the Americas Have a Common History? A Critique of the Bolton Theory (1964)
- Hurtado, Albert L. "Bolton and Turner: The Borderlands and American Exceptionalism." Western Historical Quarterly 44#1 (2013): 4-20. online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Hurtado, Albert L. Herbert Eugene Bolton: Historian of the American Borderlands (University of California Press; 2012) 360 pages
- Van Young, Eric. Are Regions Good to Think?. Eric Van Young (编). Mexico's Regions. Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, UCSD. 1992.
- Weber, David. J. (编). The Idea of the Spanish Borderlands. New York, NY: Garland Publishers. 1991.
延伸阅读
编辑- Altman, Ida and James Lockhart, eds. The Provinces of Early Mexico (UCLA Latin American Center 1976)
- Altman, Ida, Sarah Cline, and Javier Pescador, The Early History of Greater Mexico (Pearson 2003)
- Bakewell, P.J. A History of Latin America (Oxford U.P., 1997)
- Bethell, Leslie, ed. The Cambridge History of Latin America (Vols. 1–2. Cambridge UP, 1984)
- Cañeque, Alejandro. "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America" History Compass (April 2013) 114 pp 280–291, DOI: 10.1111/hic3.12043
- Collier, Simon. From Cortes to Castro: An Introduction to the History of Latin America, 1492–1973 (1974)
- Gibson, Charles. The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico, 1519-1810. (Stanford University Press 1964).
- Lockhart, James. The Nahuas After the Conquest (Stanford University Press)
- Muldoon, James. The Americas in The Spanish World Order (1994)
- Parry, J.H. The Spanish Seaborne Empire (1974)
- Parry, J.H. The Spanish Theory of Empire in the Sixteenth Century (1974)
- Stein, Barbara H., and Stanley J. Stein. Crisis in an Atlantic Empire: Spain and New Spain, 1808-1810 (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2014) 808 pages.
- Leibsohn, Dana, and Barbara E. Mundy, Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520-1820. http://www.fordham.edu/vistas, 2015.
外部链接
编辑
- MEXICO'S COLONIAL ERA—PART I: The Settlement of New Spain （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at mexconnect.com
- Index to the DeWitt Colony Region under New Spain （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at Texas A&M University
- 1492 – Middle America （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at ibiblio.org the public's library and digital archive
- Encyclopedia Britannica : Hispanic Heritage in The Americas （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）