西班牙征服阿茲特克帝國
西班牙征服阿茲特克帝國，又稱西班牙-阿茲特克戰爭（1519-1521），是西班牙殖民美洲的過程中最重要的戰役之一。這一場戰役之後西班牙殖民者成功鎮壓了阿茲特克人，並佔領了今日墨西哥中部地區，但並未征服整個現代墨西哥地區。
| 西班牙征服阿茲特克帝國 | |||||||||
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| 西班牙美洲殖民化與墨西哥印第安人戰爭的一部分 | |||||||||
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| 參戰方 | |||||||||
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聯盟城邦: 獨立城邦: | |||||||||
| 指揮官與領導者 | |||||||||
 埃爾南·科爾特斯佩德羅·德·阿爾瓦拉多Gonzalo de Sandoval Cristóbal de Olid Nuño de Guzmán Xicotencatl the Younger † Xicotencatl the Elder Maxixcatl Xicomecoatl |
 坦加蘇安二世  | ||||||||
| 兵力 | |||||||||
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特拉斯卡拉聯邦與其他聯盟: ~80,000–200,000 托托納卡潘: 400 |
塔拉斯坎王國: 100,000 | ||||||||
| 傷亡與損失 | |||||||||
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200,000名死者[2] 300艘戰船沉沒[2] | ||||||||
自從哥倫布發現美洲大陸、並在那裏建立了數個殖民據點之後，在西班牙王室的授權下，殖民者以殖民據點為根據地，四處派出遠征隊，發現、征服並且殖民新領地。1519年2月，西班牙殖民者在埃爾南·科爾特斯的率領下從墨西哥灣登陸，向阿茲特克前進，在此之前，科爾特斯沒有任何軍事經驗。阿茲特克人卻將他們請進了首都特諾奇蒂特蘭。但西班牙人卻軟禁了皇帝蒙特祖馬二世，向阿茲特克人勒索黃金。科爾特斯隨後被憤怒的阿茲特克人擊敗，被迫逃亡到與阿茲特克敵對的國家特拉斯卡拉尋求庇護。一年之後，在特拉斯卡拉、森波阿拉等與阿茲特克敵對國家的幫助下，科爾特斯再次攻打阿茲特克，在1521年8月13日以沉重地代價攻陷了特諾奇提特蘭，將其夷為平地，改建為墨西哥城。
相關條目
編輯參考文獻
編輯- ^ 1.0 1.1 Thomas, Hugh.Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes, and the Fall of Old Mexico, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 528-529.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Clodfelter 2017，第32頁.
- ^ Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140441239: states that Cortes's men lost all the artillery they had initially arrived with during La Noche Triste.
- ^ Bernard Grunberg, "La folle aventure d'Hernan Cortés", in L'Histoire n°322, July–August 2007: states that Cortes arrived in Mexico with 15 cannons, before acquiring the forces of Pánfilo de Narváez.
擴展閱讀
編輯一手資料
編輯- Alva Ixtlilxochitil, Fernando. Ally of Cortés: Account 13 of the Coming of the Spaniards and the Beginning of the Evangelical Law. Douglass K. Ballentine, translator. El Paso: Texas Western Press 1969. ISBN 978-0874-04015-9
- Anonymous Conqueror, the. Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan. Marshall Saville (trans). New York: The Cortés Society. 1917 [1550].
- Codex Azcatitlan, Introduction de Michel Graulich, commentaire de Robert H. Barlow mis à jour par Michel Graulich [comment by Robert h. Barlow put updated by Michel Graulich] Bibliothèque nationale de France-Société des Américanistes, Paris, 1995. （法文） ISBN 978-2717-71944-4
- Cortés, Hernán. Letters – available as Letters from Mexico translated by Anthony Pagden (1986) ISBN 0-300-09094-3
- de Fuentes, Patricia, ed. The Conquistadors: First-Person Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1993. Previously published by Orion Press 1963. ISBN 978-0806-12562-6
- 貝爾納爾·迪亞斯·德爾·卡斯蒂略, The Conquest of New Spain – available as The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico: 1517–1521 ISBN 0-306-81319-X
- Durán, Diego. The History of the Indies of New Spain (1581). Translated and edited by Doris Heyden. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1994. ISBN 978-0806-14107-7
- León-Portilla, Miguel (Ed.). The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico. Ángel María Garibay K. (Nahuatl-Spanish trans.), Lysander Kemp (Spanish-English trans.), Alberto Beltran (illus.) Expanded and updated. Boston: Beacon Press. 1992 [1959]. ISBN 0-8070-5501-8. (textbook, anthology)
- Lockhart, James. We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press 1991. (anthology) ISBN 978-1592-44681-0
- 弗朗西斯科·洛佩斯·哥馬拉. Cortés: The Life of the Conqueror by His Secretary, Translated by Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1964. ISBN 978-0520-00491-7
- 弗朗西斯科·洛佩斯·哥馬拉, Hispania Victrix; First and Second Parts of the General History of the Indies, with the whole discovery and notable things that have happened since they were acquired until the year 1551, with the conquest of Mexico and New Spain
- 貝爾納迪諾·德薩阿貢. General History of the Things of New Spain (The 佛羅倫薩手抄本). Book 12. Arthur J.O. Anderson and Charles Dibble, translators. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-1607-81167-1
- 貝爾納迪諾·德薩阿貢. The Conquest of New Spain, 1585 Revision. Trans. by Howard F. Cline, introduction and notes by S.L. Cline. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press 1989.ISBN 978-0874-80311-2
- Schwartz, Stuart B., ed. Victors and Vanquished: Spanish and Nahua Views of the Conquest of Mexico. Boston: Bedford, 2000. (textbook, anthology) ISBN 978-0312-39355-7
- Siepel, Kevin H. Conquistador Voices: The Spanish Conquest of the Americas as recounted largely by the Participants. vol. 1. Spruce Tree Press 2015. (textbook, anthology) ISBN 978-0978-64662-2
- Solis, Antonio de. The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards (1753). Trans. Thomas Townsend. 2 vols. New York: AMS Press 1973. ISBN 978-1385-12366-9
- Solis, Antonio de. Historia de la conquista de Méjico. Reprint, Forgotten Books 2018. ISBN 978-0265-70774-6
- Vázquez de Tapia, Bernardino. Relación de méritos y servicios del conquistador. (c. 1545). Mexico: UNAM 1972.
二手資料
編輯- Berdan, Frances F.. The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, (1982) ISBN 0-03-055736-4
- Hassig, Ross. Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico. Texas University Press (2001) ISBN 0-292-73139-6
- Hassig, Ross. Mexico and the Spanish Conquest. Longman: London and New York, (1994) ISBN 0-582-06828-2
- Gruzinski, Serge. The Conquest of Mexico: Incorporation of Indian Societies into the Western World, 16th – 18th centuries. Polity Press 1993. ISBN 978-0745-61226-3
- Prescott, William H.. History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）ISBN 0-375-75803-8
- Restall, Matthew. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest. Oxford University Press (2003) ISBN 0-19-516077-0
- Restall, Matthew. When Montezuma Met Cortés: The True Story of the Meeting that Changed History. Ecco 2018. ISBN 978-0062-42726-7
- Todorov, Tzvetan. The Conquest of America by (1996) ISBN 0-06-132095-1
- Thomas, Hugh .Conquest: Cortés, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico by (1993) ISBN 0-671-51104-1
- White, Jon Manchip Cortés and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire by (1971) ISBN 0-7867-0271-0
傳記
編輯- Brandt, Anthony. "Perfect storm at Tenochtitlan 1521: How Cortes's band of hidalgos destroyed the Mexica Empire." MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History (2014): 58.
- Daniel, Douglas A. "Tactical Factors in the Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs." Anthropological Quarterly (1992): 187–94.
- Raudzens, George. "So Why Were the Aztecs Conquered, and What Were the Wider Implications? Testing Military Superiority as a Cause of Europe's Pre-Industrial Colonial Conquests." War in History (1995): 87–104.
- Townsend, Camilla. Malintzin's Choices: An Indian Woman in the Conquest of Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006.
- White, John Manchip. "Cortes and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire: A Study in a Conflict of Cultures." The Hispanic American Historical Review (1972): 467–68.
外部連結
編輯
維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：西班牙征服阿茲特克帝國