二烯丙基二硫
二烯丙基二硫(英語:diallyl disulfide,縮寫DADS)又叫4,5-二硫雜-1,7-辛二烯(4,5-dithia-1,7-octadiene),是一種有機硫化合物,常見於蔥屬植物中,如洋蔥和大蒜。二烯丙基二硫、二烯丙基三硫和二烯丙基四硫是大蒜油的主要成分。DADS是一種淡黃液體,不溶於水,含有強烈蒜臭味。大蒜或者其他蔥科植物切開後就會釋放蒜素,蒜素分解後可得到DADS,它對大蒜健康生長有很多好處,但它也是一種抗敏原,會導致大蒜過敏。通過高度稀釋後的DADS也可以用作食物調味料。
二烯丙基二硫 | |
---|---|
IUPAC名 4,5-dithia-1,7-octadiene Diallyldisulfide | |
英文名 | Diallyl disulfide |
別名 | 4,5-二硫雜-1,7-辛二烯 二烯丙基二硫醚 二(2-丙烯基)二硫 二硫化二丙烯 烯丙基二硫 烯丙基二硫醚 二硫(2-丙烯) 二烯丙基二硫(大蒜素) 二烯丙基二硫化物 |
識別 | |
CAS號 | 2179-57-9 |
PubChem | 16590 |
ChemSpider | 15730 |
SMILES |
|
InChI |
|
InChIKey | PFRGXCVKLLPLIP-UHFFFAOYAX |
KEGG | C08369 |
性質 | |
化學式 | C6H10S2 |
摩爾質量 | 146.28 g·mol⁻¹ |
外觀 | 淡黃清澈液體,強烈蒜臭味[1] |
密度 | 1.01 g/cm3[2] |
沸點 | 180℃ |
折光度n D |
1.541[3] |
危險性 | |
歐盟危險性符號 [3] | |
警示術語 | R:R10, R22, R36/37/38 |
安全術語 | S:S16, S22, S26, S36, S36/37/39, S37/39 |
閃點 | 144 °F(62 °C)[3] |
若非註明,所有數據均出自標準狀態(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。 |
歷史
編輯1844年奧地利化學家西奧多·韋爾特海姆(Theodor Wertheim)用水蒸氣蒸餾法蒸餾大蒜得到有刺激性氣味物質,並將它命名為「烯丙基」,然而在1892年,德國化學家弗里德里希·威廉·塞姆萊爾(Friedrich Wilhelm Semmler)發現產物中的一部分物質為二烯丙基二硫。1944年切斯特·卡瓦里托(Chester J. Cavallito)和約翰·海斯·貝利(John Hays Bailey)共同發現了DADS的前體——蒜素。1947年,A.斯托爾和E.澤貝克發現半胱氨酸的衍生物(如蒜氨酸)可通過蒜氨酸酶催化生成二烯丙基二硫和蒜素。[4]
含量
編輯蔥科植物(特別是大蒜、洋蔥和韭蔥)的細胞破損後釋放蒜素,蒜素分解後可得到DADS。每100克蒜頭中含有2克富含DADS的蒜油(2 wt%),通過水蒸汽蒸餾蒜頭得到DADS的產量最高;DADS也可以從大蒜葉中提取,但是含量要明顯低得多,每100克大蒜葉只含有0.06克蒜油(0.06 wt%)。[5][6]
性質
編輯物理性質
編輯DADS是淡黃色清澈液體,有強烈的蒜臭味,在典型的80%純度下沸點為138–139°C,閃點為50°C;在20°C下,密度約為1.0 g/mL,蒸汽壓約為1 mmHg。DADS是一種非極性的分子,因此它不溶於水,而溶於脂肪、 油、 油脂和非極性溶劑,如正己烷和甲苯[1][3][2]。
化學性質
編輯製備
編輯工業製備DADS的方法是在惰性氣體環境下,將二硫化鈉和烯丙基氯(或烯丙基溴)加熱至40–60°C反應生成DADS。該反應為放熱反應,實際上可得到理論的88%的收率。[10]
在空氣環境、催化劑四丁銨作用下,相同原材料可合成少量的DADS,對應的收率為低於82%[11]。工業合成或直接從植物中提取DADS的主要問題是DADS與其他更高的硫化物(如二烯丙基三硫)分離,他們有着相似的物理性質,所以典型的工業製品中DADS含量只有80%。當溫度超過37°C的時候,蒜素能特別快地還原成DADS[12]。
應用
編輯在氯化鐵或者氯化銅的催化作用下,DADS可以作為合成聚合度更高的二烯丙基聚硫的前體物,而且它也是合成蒜素的原材料之一。在食品工業里,DADS可用來提升肉類、蔬菜和水果的口感。[1][13][3]
生物學重要性
編輯氣味和口味
編輯生物感知DADS的難聞氣味要通過瞬態電壓感受器陽離子通道,子類A,成員1(TRPA1),這種離子通道一早就已存在於人類和動物體內,就連在真菌中也可以找到。因此,蔥科植物很可能在早期進化時就已經形成DADS-TRPA1的保護機制,以對抗捕食者。[14][15]
中毒和解毒作用
編輯DADS是細胞解毒過程中一種高效物質,他能顯著增加穀胱甘肽S-轉移酶(GST)的產量,而GST能在細胞中與親電子有害化合物結合。所以蒜頭能夠促進諸如參與體外肝細胞的解毒作用和保護體外神經細胞以免進入氧化應激狀態的活動[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]。通過一個對老鼠的研究證實這種解毒的效果可以預防炎症的發生,其中老鼠長期服用的DADS保護腸細胞免於中毒。這項研究也顯示服用高劑量的蒜油可產生某種副作用,但這並非是由DADS引起的[24]。在化療過程中,DADS可通過參與肝的解毒作用為肝提供保護,例如阻止氰化物的解毒作用。[25][26]
抗菌效果
編輯因為有機硫化合物具有抗菌和殺(幼)蟲的特性,所以蔥科植物細胞在遭遇破壞後釋放這類化合物變得極為重要[27]。蒜油中的DADS能抑制黴菌和細菌的生長,而且它也扮演着對抗引起胃潰瘍的細菌——幽門螺桿菌(Helicobacter pylori)的角色,但就沒有如蒜素一樣高效[28][29]。手術前進行的內臟(如消化道)選擇性去污染服用的製劑中就包含妥布黴素和具抗菌效果的DADS。一項臨床研究顯示,在心臟瓣膜手術中這樣的製劑可以預防內毒素血症的出現[30]。
抵禦結腸癌
編輯大蒜可以預防結腸直腸癌(大腸癌)[31],而且多項研究表明DADS是負責預防過程中的主要成分,和在老鼠身上表現出來的一樣,其效果具有劑量依賴性[32][33]。也有研究表明DADS對癌細胞的影響比正常細胞更加強烈[34]。它導致多種物質的大量累積,如能激活酶並且導致癌細胞凋亡的活性氧,這種累積同樣具有劑量依賴性[35]。
抵禦心血管疾病
編輯有證據顯示大蒜能阻止多種心血管疾病的發展。其中一些心血管疾病的產生原因可能跟氧化應激有關,如動脈硬化和冠心病,其中後者的病情可通過DADS協助細胞解毒和其他機制而得到減輕[4]。DADS通過激活TRPA1離子通道能短暫降低血壓[14]。
安全性
編輯DADS是一種皮膚刺激劑、過敏原。這是大蒜過敏(對大蒜的變應性接觸性皮炎)的主要原因,對廚師和家庭主婦影響較大。過敏症狀通常始於指尖而且不能通過戴手套預防過敏發生,因為DADS能滲透大部分在市面上出售的手套到達皮膚[36][37][38][39]。
老鼠口服DADS的半數致死量(LD50)是每千克體重260毫克,而皮膚攝入DADS的半數致死量是每千克體重3.6克。每千克體重5克的高劑量DADS放在貓的皮膚上足可以溶血性貧血而致死[1][40]。因此不可讓貓狗等寵物食用含有蔥科植物成份的食物。
參見
編輯參考文獻
編輯- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 allyl disulfide
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Diallyl disulfide at Sigma Aldrich 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期2008-09-17.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 (中文)ChemicalBook 二烯丙基二硫
- ^ 4.0 4.1 S. H. Omar; et al. Historical, chemical and cardiovascular perspectives on garlic: A review. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2007, 1 (1): 80 [2011-05-18]. (原始內容存檔於2012-03-07).
- ^ Lawson, Larry; Wang, Zhen-Yu; Hughes, Bronwyn. Identification and HPLC Quantitation of the Sulfides and Dialk(en)yl Thiosulfinates in Commercial Garlic Products. Planta Medica. 2007, 57 (4): 363. PMID 1775579. doi:10.1055/s-2006-960119.
- ^ Edris, Amr; Fadel, Hoda. Investigation of the volatile aroma components of garlic leaves essential oil. Possibility of utilization to enrich garlic bulb oil. European Food Research and Technology. 2002, 214: 105. doi:10.1007/s00217-001-0429-2.
- ^ Amosova SV et al. :Synthesis of 1-alkylthio-3-allylthio-1-propene by the reaction of allyl halides with dialllyl disulfide in the alkali-metal hydroxide-DMSO system super basic J. Org. Chem USSR (Engl Transl.) Vol. 22 No. 5, 1986, pp. 957–963. Abstract (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- ^ R. J. Cremlyn. An Introduction to Organosulfur Chemistry. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons. 1996. ISBN 0-471-95512-4.
- ^ Kondo T. et al.Cyclization Ruthenium Complex-Catalyzed Novel Addition Reaction of Allylic Disulfide with 2 -norbornene.Nippon Kagakkai Koen Yokoshu. 76/21999, p. 922 Abstract (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- ^ WIPO Patent WO/2006/16881. [2011-05-21]. (原始內容存檔於2012-08-05).
- ^ Yuan, Xin-ke; Chen, Xiao-Qing; Jiang, Xin-yu; Nie, Ya-li. Synthesis, characterization and bioactivity evaluation of diallyl disulfide. Journal of Central South University of Technology. 2006, 13: 515. doi:10.1007/s11771-006-0079-4.
- ^ Freeman, Fillmore; Kodera, Yukihiro. Garlic Chemistry: Stability of S-(2-Propenyl)-2-Propene-1-sulfinothioate (Allicin) in Blood, Solvents, and Simulated Physiological Fluids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1995, 43: 2332. doi:10.1021/jf00057a004.
- ^ 美國專利第5,231,114號
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Bautista, D. M.; Movahed, P; Hinman, A; Axelsson, HE; Sterner, O; Högestätt, ED; Julius, D; Jordt, SE; Zygmunt, PM. Pungent products from garlic activate the sensory ion channel TRPA1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2005, 102 (34): 12248. PMC 1189336 . PMID 16103371. doi:10.1073/pnas.0505356102.
- ^ Hile, AG; Shan, Z; Zhang, SZ; Block, E. Aversion of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) to garlic oil treated granules: garlic oil as an avian repellent. Garlic oil analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2004, 52 (8): 2192–6. PMID 15080619. doi:10.1021/jf035181d.
- ^ Germain, E; Chevalier, J; Siess, MH; Teyssier, C. Hepatic metabolism of diallyl disulphide in rat and man.. Xenobiotica; the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems. 2003, 33 (12): 1185–99. PMID 14742141. doi:10.1080/00498250310001636840.
- ^ Tsai, CW; Yang, JJ; Chen, HW; Sheen, LY; Lii, CK. Garlic organosulfur compounds upregulate the expression of the pi class of glutathione S-transferase in rat primary hepatocytes.. The Journal of nutrition. 2005, 135 (11): 2560–5. PMID 16251611.
- ^ Wu, CC; Sheen, LY; Chen, HW; Kuo, WW; Tsai, SJ; Lii, CK. Differential effects of garlic oil and its three major organosulfur components on the hepatic detoxification system in rats.. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2002, 50 (2): 378–83. PMID 11782211. doi:10.1021/jf010937z.
- ^ Fukao, T; Hosono, T; Misawa, S; Seki, T; Ariga, T. The effects of allyl sulfides on the induction of phase II detoxification enzymes and liver injury by carbon tetrachloride.. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2004, 42 (5): 743–9. PMID 15046820. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2003.12.010.
- ^ Lemar, KM; Aon, MA; Cortassa, S; O'Rourke, B; Müller, CT; Lloyd, D. Diallyl disulphide depletes glutathione in Candida albicans: oxidative stress-mediated cell death studied by two-photon microscopy.. Yeast (Chichester, England). 2007, 24 (8): 695–706. PMC 2292485 . PMID 17534841. doi:10.1002/yea.1503.
- ^ Hu, Y; Urig, S; Koncarevic, S; Wu, X; Fischer, M; Rahlfs, S; Mersch-Sundermann, V; Becker, K. Glutathione- and thioredoxin-related enzymes are modulated by sulfur-containing chemopreventive agents.. Biological chemistry. 2007, 388 (10): 1069–81. PMID 17937621. doi:10.1515/BC.2007.135.
- ^ Koh, SH; Kwon, H; Park, KH; Ko, JK; Kim, JH; Hwang, MS; Yum, YN; Kim, OH; Kim, J. Protective effect of diallyl disulfide on oxidative stress-injured neuronally differentiated PC12 cells.. Brain research. Molecular brain research. 2005, 133 (2): 176–86. PMID 15710234. doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.10.006.
- ^ Kim, JG; Koh, SH; Lee, YJ; Lee, KY; Kim, Y; Kim, S; Lee, MK; Kim, SH. Differential effects of diallyl disulfide on neuronal cells depend on its concentration.. Toxicology. 2005, 211 (1-2): 86–96. PMID 15863251. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2005.02.011.
- ^ Chiang, YH; Jen, LN; Su, HY; Lii, CK; Sheen, LY; Liu, CT. Effects of garlic oil and two of its major organosulfur compounds, diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, on intestinal damage in rats injected with endotoxin.. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 2006, 213 (1): 46–54. PMID 16274720. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2005.08.008.
- ^ Iciek, M; Marcinek, J; Mleczko, U; Włodek, L. Selective effects of diallyl disulfide, a sulfane sulfur precursor, in the liver and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.. European journal of pharmacology. 2007, 569 (1-2): 1–7. PMID 17560567. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.04.055.
- ^ Iciek, M; Bilska, A; Ksiazek, L; Srebro, Z; Włodek, L. Allyl disulfide as donor and cyanide as acceptor of sulfane sulfur in the mouse tissues.. Pharmacological reports : PR. 2005, 57 (2): 212–8. PMID 15886420.
- ^ Amonkar, SV; Banerji, A. Isolation and characterization of larvicidal principle of garlic.. Science. 1971, 174 (16): 1343–4. PMID 5135721.
- ^ Avato, P; Tursil, E; Vitali, C; Miccolis, V; Candido, V. Allylsulfide constituents of garlic volatile oil as antimicrobial agents.. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2000, 7 (3): 239–43. PMID 11185736.
- ^ O'Gara, EA; Hill, DJ; Maslin, DJ. Activities of garlic oil, garlic powder, and their diallyl constituents against Helicobacter pylori.. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2000, 66 (5): 2269–73. PMC 101489 . PMID 10788416. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.5.2269-2273.2000.
- ^ Yu, J; Xiao, YB; Wang, XY. Effects of preoperatively selected gut decontamination on cardiopulmonary bypass-induced endotoxemia.. 中華創傷雜志. 2007, 10 (3): 131–7. PMID 17535634.
- ^ World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer. 2nd Edition, 2007 (ISBN 0-97225222-3) S. pp.93–94 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (PDF, 12 MB)
- ^ Milner, JA. Preclinical perspectives on garlic and cancer.. The Journal of nutrition. 2006, 136 (3 Suppl): 827S–831S. PMID 16484574.
- ^ Yang, JS; Kok, LF; Lin, YH; Kuo, TC; Yang, JL; Lin, CC; Chen, GW; Huang, WW; Ho, HC. Diallyl disulfide inhibits WEHI-3 leukemia cells in vivo.. Anticancer research. 2006, 26 (1A): 219–25. PMID 16475702.
- ^ Huang, Z; Lei, X; Zhong, M; Zhu, B; Tang, S; Liao, D. Bcl-2 small interfering RNA sensitizes cisplatin-resistant human lung adenocarcinoma A549/DDP cell to cisplatin and diallyl disulfide.. Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica. 2007, 39 (11): 835–43. PMID 17989874. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7270.2007.00356.x.
- ^ Jo, HJ; Song, JD; Kim, KM; Cho, YH; Kim, KH; Park, YC. Diallyl disulfide induces reversible G2/M phase arrest on a p53-independent mechanism in human colon cancer HCT-116 cells.. Oncology reports. 2008, 19 (1): 275–80. PMID 18097607.
- ^ Eric Block. Garlic and other alliums: the lore and the science. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2009: 228. ISBN 0854041907.
- ^ Thomas D. Horn. Dermatology, Volume 2. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2003: 305. ISBN 0323025781.
- ^ Garlic. [2011-05-20]. (原始內容存檔於2010-06-15).
- ^ Moyle, M; Frowen, K; Nixon, R. Use of gloves in protection from diallyl disulphide allergy.. The Australasian journal of dermatology. 2004, 45 (4): 223–5. PMID 15527433. doi:10.1111/j.1440-0960.2004.00102.x.
- ^ EPA documents. [2011-05-20]. (原始內容存檔於2011-06-08).
- ^ documents of the U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health. [2011-05-20]. (原始內容存檔於2017-08-01).
- ^ Sun, X; Guo, T; He, J; Zhao, M; Yan, M; Cui, F; Deng, Y. Simultaneous determination of diallyl trisulfide and diallyl disulfide in rat blood by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.. Die Pharmazie. 2006, 61 (12): 985–8. PMID 17283653.
- ^ [Diallyl Disulfide字典-Guidechem.com(英文). [2011-12-27]. (原始內容存檔於2022-03-24). Diallyl Disulfide字典-Guidechem.com(英文)]