堅定決心行動
堅定決心行動(英語:Operation Inherent Resolve,縮寫:OIR,或譯堅決行動),是指在2014年對伊斯蘭國的軍事干預時,美軍公布的軍事行動名稱,其包括了美國領軍的對敘利亞干預和2014年起美國領軍的對伊拉克干預在內。[96]
堅定決心行動 | |||||||
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對伊斯蘭國的國際軍事干預和反恐戰爭的一部分 | |||||||
美國海軍的 F/A-18F 超級大黃蜂 從卡爾·文森號航空母艦起飛 支持美國 2014 年 10 月的「堅定決心行動」。 | |||||||
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參戰方 | |||||||
伊斯蘭陣線(2013-2015)
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指揮官與領導者 | |||||||
喬·拜登 詹姆斯·馬蒂斯(國防部長,2017-2018) 阿什頓·卡特(國防部長,2015-2017) 查克·哈格爾(國防部長,2014-2015 年) 將軍 肯尼思·麥肯齊(中央司令部司令,2019 年至今) 將軍約瑟夫·沃特爾(中央司令部司令,2016 – 2019) 中將羅伯特·P·懷特 指揮聯合特遣部隊 - 堅定決心行動 凱文·M·科普西少將[10] (CJTF-OIR 穩定副指揮官) 少將 Alexus Grynkewich (CJTF-OIR 作戰與情報副司令) |
阿布·易卜拉欣·哈希米·庫雷希 †(伊斯蘭國前領導人)[11][12] 阿布·哈伊爾·馬斯里 † (基地組織副領導人)[19] 阿布·葉希亞·哈馬維 (沙姆自由黨埃米爾 (2015–2017))[24] | ||||||
參戰單位 | |||||||
成員包括: | |||||||
兵力 | |||||||
美國:
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伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國:
基地組織: 伊斯蘭陣線
敘利亞救國政府 | ||||||
傷亡與損失 | |||||||
(每個聯盟) 基地組織: 伊斯蘭陣線
Ahrar ash-Sham:
3人死亡[84][86][87]
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數萬名平民被伊斯蘭國殺害(根據伊拉克死亡人數統計和《SOHR》)[89][90] |
參考文獻
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PATFORSWA also supported Operation Enduring Freedom and in 2015 transitioned to supporting Operation Inherent Resolve
- ^ Michelle Tan. 2-star on Iraq: 'Still a big fight going on here'. Army Times. 30 December 2014 [29 May 2015].
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- ^ Barnes, Julian E. 2,300 U.S. Marines deploy new quick-reaction force in Kuwait. The Wall Street Journal. 1 October 2014 [2023-08-24]. (原始內容存檔於2014-10-05).
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- ^ USS Carl Vinson Takes Over Airstrike Campaign From USS George H. W. Bush (Video). KPBS. [6 December 2014]. (原始內容存檔於4 November 2014).
- ^ See U.S. warships head for ISIS fight. CNN. 13 April 2015 [29 May 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2019-05-05).
- ^ USS Carl Vinson begins return to San Diego. San Diego: CBS 8. 13 April 2015 [29 May 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2019-02-18).
- ^ US airstrikes in Syria, ABC News, [2023-08-24], (原始內容存檔於2019-05-07)
- ^ Hennigan, W. J.; Cloud, David S. At War – Again. Florida Courier. 25 September 2014 [20 October 2014]. (原始內容存檔於20 October 2014).
- ^ Foster, Peter. US military launches air strikes against Isil in Syria . The Daily Telegraph (London). 23 September 2014 [20 October 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2014-09-23).
- ^ Capaccio, Tony. Pentagon Says Islamic State Fight Costs $7.6 Million/Day. Bloomberg.com. 10 October 2014 [13 October 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2015-01-11).
- ^ Kobani: US drops weapons to Kurds in Syria. The Guardian. Associated Press. 20 October 2014 [20 October 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2015-11-19).
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- ^ Baldor, Lolita. Pentagon: Up to $1.1B cost for Iraq, Syria. Marine Corps Times. Associated Press. 6 October 2014 [20 October 2014]. (原始內容存檔於7 October 2014).
- ^ Majumdar, Dave. Exclusive Pictures of Stealth Jet Raid on Syria. The Daily Beast. 25 September 2014 [20 October 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2016-04-11).
- ^ Rush, James. Isis air strikes: US brings in Apache helicopters as British jets target militants in Iraq . The Independent (London). 6 October 2014 [8 October 2014]. (原始內容存檔於24 May 2022).
- ^ Trevithick, Joseph. U.S. Commandos Are Flying Around Iraq. Medium.com. 18 November 2014 [25 November 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-09).
- ^ Sanchez, Raf. Predator drones being flown over Isil's Syrian 'capital' . The Daily Telegraph (London). 8 September 2014 [11 October 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2014-09-08).
- ^ Gordon, Greg. Once targeted, Global Hawk drone now hidden weapon in U.S. airstrikes. McClatchyDC.com. 29 September 2014 [20 October 2014]. (原始內容存檔於28 January 2015).
- ^ Barbara Starr, U.S. officials say 6,000 ISIS fighters killed in battles (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), CNN (22 January 2015).
- ^ CIA says IS numbers underestimated (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Al Jazeera (12 September 2014).
- ^ ISIS militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader. el-balad.com. [16 November 2014]. (原始內容存檔於20 November 2014).
- ^ Islamic State 'training pilots to fly fighter jets'. BBC News. 17 October 2014 [22 October 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-24).
- ^ U.S.-led forces drop nearly 5,000 bombs on ISIS. Al Arabiya. 8 January 2015 [8 January 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-09).
- ^ Fears of massacre as Isis tanks lead assault on Kurdish bastion. The Times. 4 October 2014 [2023-08-24]. (原始內容存檔於2020-10-10).
- ^ Now ISIS has drones?. CNN. 24 August 2014 [2023-08-24]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-04).
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- ^ Islamic State Kassig murder: Western jihadists probed. BBC News. 17 November 2014 [17 November 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2019-01-01).
- ^ Islamic State Allies In Egypt Say They Killed American Oil Worker William Henderson. The Huffington Post. 1 December 2014 [6 December 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2018-12-25).
- ^ BBC News – Libya hotel attack: Five foreigners among nine killed. BBC News. 28 January 2015 [2023-08-24]. (原始內容存檔於2017-08-02).
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- ^ Roba Alhenawi. Syria says it shot down U.S. drone. CNN. 17 March 2015 [31 March 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2018-07-16).
- ^ Once promised paradise, ISIS fighters end up in mass graves. The Straits Times. 15 October 2017 [11 December 2017]. (原始內容存檔於2017-12-12).
- ^ Airstrikes in Iraq and Syria. US Department of Defense. 30 September 2016 [21 October 2016]. (原始內容存檔於2017-03-31).
- ^ Reuters, Brett Wolf, "RPT-INSIGHT-In taking economic war to Islamic State, U.S. developing new tools" (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), 24 November 2015.
- ^ 84.0 84.1 About 3 thousand citizens were killed by the International Coalition warplanes in Syria within about 10700 persons who were killed during 38 months of their military operations in Syria. SOHR. 23 November 2017 [11 December 2017]. (原始內容存檔於2017-12-01).
- ^ U.S. Airstrike Kills More Than 100 al-Qaida Fighters in Syria. US Department of Defense. 20 January 2017 [2023-08-24]. (原始內容存檔於2018-08-14).
- ^ US-led air strikes hit al-Qaeda affiliate in Syria. Reuters. 6 November 2014 [9 November 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2017-12-12).
- ^ Pentagon: 11 al Qaeda terrorists killed in airstrikes near Idlib, Syria | FDD's Long War Journal. www.longwarjournal.org. 8 February 2017 [2023-08-24]. (原始內容存檔於2019-06-19).
- ^ Air strikes kill 12 fighters in Syria's Idlib: monitor. Reuters. 3 February 2017. (原始內容存檔於4 May 2022).
- ^ IS executes 61 people during the ninth month of declaration its alleged "Caliphate". SOHR. 29 March 2015 [29 March 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2017-11-07).
- ^ Clashes around Aleppo city and more losses in al-Hasakah. SOHR. 29 March 2015 [29 March 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2015-10-23).
- ^ 91.0 91.1 US-led Coalition in Iraq & Syria. Airwars. [19 October 2019]. (原始內容存檔於2021-02-15).
- ^ Iraq crisis: Islamists force 500,000 to flee Mosul. BBC News. 11 June 2014 [11 June 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2019-03-28).
- ^ 10,000 Yazidis rescued through safe corridor, as ISIL 'fire on aid helicopters'. Hurriyet Daily News. [1 December 2014]. (原始內容存檔於2017-10-12).
- ^ Most US Airstrikes in Syria Target a City That's Not a "Strategic Objective". Mother Jones. [29 May 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2015-07-13).
- ^ 聯軍在敘利亞和伊拉克的空襲造成 8,214 至 13,125 名平民死亡(根據《空戰》)[1] (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) 聯軍行動造成 1,335 名平民死亡(每個聯軍)[2] (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- ^ 多國聯合打擊IS 正名為「堅定決心」行動. 自由時報. 2014-10-16 [2015-01-07]. (原始內容存檔於2019-11-29).
外部連結
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