堅定決心行動

堅定決心行動(英語:Operation Inherent Resolve,縮寫:OIR,或譯堅決行動),是指在2014年對伊斯蘭國的軍事干預時,美軍公佈的軍事行動名稱,其包括了美國領軍的對敘利亞干預2014年起美國領軍的對伊拉克干預英語American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)在內。[96]

堅定決心行動
對伊斯蘭國的國際軍事干預反恐戰爭的一部分

美國海軍的 F/A-18F 超級大黃蜂卡爾·文森號航空母艦起飛 支持美國 2014 年 10 月的「堅定決心行動」。
日期2014 年 6 月 15 日 – 至今
(10年4個月2周又5天)
  • 伊拉克:2014年6月15日 - 2021年12月9日
  • 敘利亞:2014年9月22日 - 至今
  • 利比亞:2015年11 月13日 - 2019年10月30 日
地點
狀態

進行中 持續

  • 2017 年 12 月 9 日在伊拉克擊敗伊黎伊斯蘭國
  • 2019年3月23日在敘利亞擊敗伊黎伊斯蘭國
  • 伊黎伊斯蘭國在利比亞被擊敗
  • 美國盟軍地面部隊從伊斯蘭國手中奪回的領土達11萬平方公里,根據統計,這片領土上居住着約770萬人口。
參戰方

 美國

 伊斯蘭國 [1] [2][3]


阿爾蓋達組織

突厥斯坦伊斯蘭黨[8]


伊斯蘭陣線(2013-2015)

[9] 敘利亞救國政府(2017年至今)

指揮官與領導者

喬·拜登
(總統,2021 年至今)
當勞·特朗普(總統,2017–2021)
巴拉克·奧巴馬(總統,2009–2017)
勞埃德·奧斯汀 將軍(中央司令部司令,2014–2016 年)
(國防部長,2021 年至今)

馬克·埃斯珀(國防部長,2019 –2020 年)
詹姆斯·馬蒂斯(國防部長,2017-2018)
阿什頓·卡特(國防部長,2015-2017)
查克·哈格爾(國防部長,2014-2015 年)
將軍 肯尼思·麥肯齊(中央司令部司令,2019 年至今)
將軍約瑟夫·沃特爾(中央司令部司令,2016 – 2019)
中將羅伯特·P·懷特英語Robert_P._White
指揮聯合特遣部隊 - 堅定決心行動
凱文·M·科普西少將[10]
(CJTF-OIR 穩定副指揮官)
少將 Alexus Grynkewich英語Alexus G. Grynkewich
(CJTF-OIR 作戰與情報副司令)

阿布·易卜拉欣·哈希米·庫雷希 (伊斯蘭國前領導人)[11][12]
阿布·貝克爾·巴格達迪 [13] (伊斯蘭國前領導人)
伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國 阿布·阿里·安巴里 
(IS 副領導人)[14]
伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國 阿布·穆罕默德·阿德納尼  (發言人)
阿布·艾曼·伊拉克英語Abu Ayman al-Iraqi  (軍事委員會主席)[15]
阿布·穆斯利姆·圖爾克馬尼  (伊拉克埃米爾)[16]
阿布·阿里·安巴里  (敘利亞埃米爾)
阿布·奧馬爾·希沙尼  (敘利亞戰地指揮官)[17][18]


阿布·哈伊爾·馬斯里英語Abu Khayr al-Masri  (阿爾蓋達組織副領導人)[19]
艾哈邁德·侯賽因·沙爾阿 (努斯拉陣線領導人))
阿布·胡瑪姆·沙米英語Abu Humam al-Shami 
(努斯拉陣線軍事首領兼胡拉斯丁領導人)[20]
穆罕默德·伊斯蘭布利(呼羅珊領導人)[21]
姆吉斯南·阿爾法赫利英語Muhsin al-Fadhli (呼羅珊領導人)[22]
戴維-德魯吉恩英語David Drugeon (首席炸彈製造者)[23]


阿布·葉希亞·哈馬維 (沙姆自由黨埃米爾 (2015–2017))[24]
阿布·賈比爾·謝赫英語Abu Jaber Shaykh (沙姆自由黨埃米爾(2014-2015 年);沙姆解放運動埃米爾(2017 年))[25][26]

阿布·穆罕默德·朱拉尼英語Abu Mohammad al-Julani(沙姆解放組織埃米爾(2017 年至今))
參戰單位

成員包括:

[28]

伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國 伊斯蘭國的軍事活動英語Military activity of the Islamic State

兵力
美國:

伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國:


阿爾蓋達組織:


伊斯蘭陣線

敘利亞救國政府

傷亡與損失

美國 美國:

  • 20 人死於敵對行動[70]
  • 87 例非敵對死亡
  • 295 (負傷)[70]
  • 18 名平民喪生
    (5 人被處決 處決,1 人身份不明)[71][72][73][74]
  • 1 架 F-16 墜毀[75] 1 架 F-15 損壞[76]
  • 損失 2 架直升機(Ch 53 型 "海種馬 "直升機)[77][78]
  • 4 架 MQ-1 "捕食者 "無人機被擊落[79][80]

伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國 伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯蘭國:

  • 超過 80,000 人死於美國和盟軍的空襲[81]
  • 32 000 多個目標被摧毀或損壞(截至 2016 年 9 月 30 日)[82]
    • 164輛坦克
    • 388 輛悍馬
    • 2 638 個石油基礎設施
    • 1,000 多輛油罐車[83]
    • 2,000 多輛皮卡車、VBIED 和其他車輛

(每個聯盟)


阿爾蓋達組織:


伊斯蘭陣線

  • 自由沙姆:

Ahrar ash-Sham: 3人死亡[84][86][87]
敘利亞救國政府:

  • 沙姆解放軍:
    6 人死亡[88]

數萬名平民被伊斯蘭國殺害(根據伊拉克死亡人數統計和《SOHR》)[89][90]
聯軍對敘利亞和伊拉克的空襲造成 8,214 至 13,125 名平民死亡(根據 Airwars)[91]
聯軍行動造成 1,335 名平民死亡(按聯軍統計)[91]

伊拉克和敘利亞超過97萬平民流離失所或逃往土耳其和其他國家[92][93][94][95]

參考文獻

編輯
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  94. ^ Most US Airstrikes in Syria Target a City That's Not a "Strategic Objective". Mother Jones. [29 May 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2015-07-13). 
  95. ^ 聯軍在敘利亞和伊拉克的空襲造成 8,214 至 13,125 名平民死亡(根據《空戰》)[1]頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) 聯軍行動造成 1,335 名平民死亡(每個聯軍)[2]頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館
  96. ^ 多國聯合打擊IS 正名為「堅定決心」行動. 自由時報. 2014-10-16 [2015-01-07]. (原始內容存檔於2019-11-29). 

外部連結

編輯

  維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源:堅定決心行動