坚定决心行动

坚定决心行动(英语:Operation Inherent Resolve,缩写:OIR,或译坚决行动),是指在2014年对伊斯兰国的军事干预时,美军公布的军事行动名称,其包括了美国领军的对叙利亚干预2014年起美国领军的对伊拉克干预英语American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)在内。[96]

坚定决心行动
对伊斯兰国的国际军事干预反恐战争的一部分

美国海军的 F/A-18F 超级大黄蜂卡尔·文森号航空母舰起飞 支持美国 2014 年 10 月的“坚定决心行动”。
日期2014 年 6 月 15 日 – 至今
(10年4个月2周又5天)
  • 伊拉克:2014年6月15日 - 2021年12月9日
  • 叙利亚:2014年9月22日 - 至今
  • 利比亚:2015年11 月13日 - 2019年10月30 日
地点
状态

进行中 持续

  • 2017 年 12 月 9 日在伊拉克击败伊黎伊斯兰国
  • 2019年3月23日在叙利亚击败伊黎伊斯兰国
  • 伊黎伊斯兰国在利比亚被击败
  • 美国盟军地面部队从伊斯兰国手中夺回的领土达11万平方公里,根据统计,这片领土上居住着约770万人口。
参战方

 美国

 伊斯兰国 [1] [2][3]


基地组织

突厥斯坦伊斯兰党[8]


伊斯兰阵线(2013-2015)

[9] 叙利亚救国政府(2017年至今)

指挥官与领导者

乔·拜登
(总统,2021 年至今)
唐纳德·特朗普(总统,2017–2021)
巴拉克·奥巴马(总统,2009–2017)
劳埃德·奥斯汀 将军(中央司令部司令,2014–2016 年)
(国防部长,2021 年至今)

马克·埃斯珀(国防部长,2019 –2020 年)
詹姆斯·马蒂斯(国防部长,2017-2018)
阿什顿·卡特(国防部长,2015-2017)
查克·哈格尔(国防部长,2014-2015 年)
将军 肯尼思·麦肯齐(中央司令部司令,2019 年至今)
将军约瑟夫·沃特尔(中央司令部司令,2016 – 2019)
中将罗伯特·P·怀特英语Robert_P._White
指挥联合特遣部队 - 坚定决心行动
凯文·M·科普西少将[10]
(CJTF-OIR 稳定副指挥官)
少将 Alexus Grynkewich英语Alexus G. Grynkewich
(CJTF-OIR 作战与情报副司令)

阿布·易卜拉欣·哈希米·库雷希 (伊斯兰国前领导人)[11][12]
阿布·贝克尔·巴格达迪 [13] (伊斯兰国前领导人)
伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国 阿布·阿里·安巴里 
(IS 副领导人)[14]
伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国 阿布·穆罕默德·阿德纳尼  (发言人)
阿布·艾曼·伊拉克英语Abu Ayman al-Iraqi  (军事委员会主席)[15]
阿布·穆斯利姆·图尔克马尼  (伊拉克埃米尔)[16]
阿布·阿里·安巴里  (叙利亚埃米尔)
阿布·奥马尔·希沙尼  (叙利亚战地指挥官)[17][18]


阿布·哈伊尔·马斯里英语Abu Khayr al-Masri  (基地组织副领导人)[19]
艾哈迈德·侯赛因·沙尔阿 (努斯拉阵线领导人))
阿布·胡玛姆·沙米英语Abu Humam al-Shami 
(努斯拉阵线军事首领兼胡拉斯丁领导人)[20]
穆罕默德·伊斯兰布利(呼罗珊领导人)[21]
姆吉斯南·阿尔法赫利英语Muhsin al-Fadhli (呼罗珊领导人)[22]
戴维-德鲁吉恩英语David Drugeon (首席炸弹制造者)[23]


阿布·叶希亚·哈马维 (沙姆自由党埃米尔 (2015–2017))[24]
阿布·贾比尔·谢赫英语Abu Jaber Shaykh (沙姆自由党埃米尔(2014-2015 年);沙姆解放运动埃米尔(2017 年))[25][26]

阿布·穆罕默德·朱拉尼英语Abu Mohammad al-Julani(沙姆解放组织埃米尔(2017 年至今))
参战单位

成员包括:

[28]

伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国 伊斯兰国的军事活动英语Military activity of the Islamic State

兵力
美国:

伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国:


基地组织:


伊斯兰阵线

叙利亚救国政府

伤亡与损失

美国 美国:

  • 20 人死于敌对行动[70]
  • 87 例非敌对死亡
  • 295 (负伤)[70]
  • 18 名平民丧生
    (5 人被处决 处决,1 人身份不明)[71][72][73][74]
  • 1 架 F-16 坠毁[75] 1 架 F-15 损坏[76]
  • 损失 2 架直升机(Ch 53 型 "海种马 "直升机)[77][78]
  • 4 架 MQ-1 "捕食者 "无人机被击落[79][80]

伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国 伊拉克和黎凡特伊斯兰国:

  • 超过 80,000 人死于美国和盟军的空袭[81]
  • 32 000 多个目标被摧毁或损坏(截至 2016 年 9 月 30 日)[82]
    • 164辆坦克
    • 388 辆悍马
    • 2 638 个石油基础设施
    • 1,000 多辆油罐车[83]
    • 2,000 多辆皮卡车、VBIED 和其他车辆

(每个联盟)


基地组织:


伊斯兰阵线

  • 自由沙姆:

Ahrar ash-Sham: 3人死亡[84][86][87]
叙利亚救国政府:

  • 沙姆解放军:
    6 人死亡[88]

数万名平民被伊斯兰国杀害(根据伊拉克死亡人数统计和《SOHR》)[89][90]
联军对叙利亚和伊拉克的空袭造成 8,214 至 13,125 名平民死亡(根据 Airwars)[91]
联军行动造成 1,335 名平民死亡(按联军统计)[91]

伊拉克和叙利亚超过97万平民流离失所或逃往土耳其和其他国家[92][93][94][95]

参考文献

编辑
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外部链接

编辑

  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源:坚定决心行动