3C樣蛋白酶(3CLpro,英語:3C-like protease)或稱主蛋白酶(Mpro),前稱C30內肽酶3-糜蛋白酶樣蛋白酶[2]是在冠狀病毒中發現的主要蛋白酶。它在11個保守位點切割冠狀病毒多聚蛋白。它是一種半胱氨酸蛋白酶,也是蛋白酶PA家族的成員。它在其活性位點具有半胱氨酸-組氨酸催化二聯體,並切Gln-(Ser/Ala/Gly肽鍵

SARS冠狀病毒主蛋白酶
SARS冠狀病毒主蛋白酶二聚體與催化二聯體(H41C145)與共價肽模擬蛋白酶抑制劑(「11a」,洋紅色)複合。從 PDB 6LZE.[1]
識別碼
EC編號 3.4.22.69
數據庫
IntEnz IntEnz瀏覽
BRENDA英語BRENDA BRENDA入口
ExPASy英語ExPASy NiceZyme瀏覽
KEGG KEGG入口
MetaCyc英語MetaCyc 代謝路徑
PRIAM英語PRIAM_enzyme-specific_profiles 概述
PDB RCSB PDB PDBj PDBe PDBsum
C30肽酶、冠狀病毒內肽酶
鑑定
標誌Peptidase_C30
PfamPF05409舊版
InterPro英語InterProIPR008740
PROSITE英語PROSITEPS51442
MEROPSC30
SCOP英語Structural Classification of Proteinsd1q2wb1 / SUPFAM

酶學委員會將這個家族稱為SARS冠狀病毒主蛋白酶Mpro; EC 3.4.22.69)。3C樣蛋白酶對應了冠狀病毒非結構蛋白5(nsp5)。通用名稱中的「3C」是指3C蛋白酶(3Cpro),它是一種存在於微小核糖核酸病毒中的同源蛋白酶。

功能

編輯

3C樣蛋白酶能夠催化裂解P1位穀氨酰胺和P1'位小氨基酸(絲氨酸、丙氨酸或甘氨酸)之間的肽鍵。例如,SARS 冠狀病毒 3CLpro可以自我切割以下肽:[3][4][5]

TSAVLQ-SGFRK-NH2和SGVTFQ-GKFKK是對應於SARS 3C樣蛋白酶的兩個自切割位點的兩個肽

蛋白酶在冠狀病毒複製酶多蛋白的加工中很重要(UniProt P0C6U8)。它是冠狀病毒中的主要蛋白酶,對應於非結構蛋白5 (nsp5)。[6]它在11個保守位點切割冠狀病毒多蛋白。 3C樣蛋白酶在其活性位點具有半胱氨酸-組氨酸催化二聯體。[4]半胱氨酸的硫作為親核試劑,組氨酸咪唑環作為一般鹼基[7]

3C樣蛋白酶的底物偏好[8]
位置 基材偏好
P5 無強烈的偏好
P4 小的疏水殘基
P3 帶正電荷的殘基
P2 高疏水性和無β-支鏈
P1 穀氨酰胺
P1' 少量殘留物
P2' 少量殘留物
P3' 無強烈的偏好

命名法

編輯

EC提供的替代名稱包括3CLpro、3C樣蛋白酶、冠狀病毒3C樣蛋白酶、Mpro、SARS 3C樣蛋白酶、SARS冠狀病毒3CL蛋白酶、SARS冠狀病毒主肽酶、SARS冠狀病毒主蛋白酶、SARS-CoV 3CLpro酶、SARS-CoV主蛋白酶、SARS-CoV Mpro和嚴重急性呼吸綜合徵冠狀病毒主蛋白酶。

作為治療靶點

編輯
 
奈瑪特韋與3CL結合PDB [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=7RFW 7RFW

]

 
奈瑪特韋是輝瑞公司II/III期臨床試驗中開發的一種3CLpro抑制劑,作為與利托那韋組合藥物[9][10]

3C蛋白酶是冠狀病毒感染的潛在藥物靶標,因為它在處理從病毒RNA翻譯的多聚蛋白中起重要作用。[11][12]未配位的3C蛋白酶及其與α-酮酰胺抑制劑的複合物的X射線結構[13]為設計用於治療2型新冠病毒感染的α-酮酰胺抑制劑提供了基礎。[14][15][16][17][18]

許多針對3CLpro和同源3Cpro的蛋白酶抑制劑正在開發中,包括3CLpro-1GC376蘆平曲韋盧夫特韋奈瑪特韋和AG7404。[19][20][21][22][1]靜脈注射前體藥物lufotrelvir於2020年9月進入臨床試驗[23]口服活性的後續藥物奈瑪特韋作為與利托那韋的組合藥物處於 II/III 期臨床試驗中,並於2021年11月公布了結果,包括在COVID-19症狀發作後的三天內給予藥物治療可以減少89%的住院率。[24]一項包含2.35億個分子的超大型虛擬篩選活動能夠識別出一種針對幾種冠狀病毒主要蛋白酶的新型廣譜抑制劑。[25]

2022年5月25日,英科智能通過人工智能來探索使用3C樣蛋白酶抑制劑治療COVID-19。臨床前候選藥物具有由人工智能設計的專門結構,被提名用於靶向3C樣蛋白酶。它充當抑制劑並與2型新冠病毒和MERS病毒的3C樣蛋白酶結合,使其失效並抑制病毒複製。臨床前候選藥物用於通過防止冠狀病毒複製來治療已經感染的人。[26]

 
上述配體結合圖顯示氨基酸殘基與共價結合的擬肽蛋白酶抑制劑的接觸。紅色的小球是水分子。[1]

其它3C(樣)蛋白酶

編輯

3C樣蛋白酶廣泛存在於(+)ssRNA病毒中。它們都是半胱氨酸蛋白酶,具有糜蛋白酶樣摺疊(PA族),使用催化二聯體或三聯體。它們在底物特異性和抑制劑有效性方面有一些普遍的相似之處。它們按序列相似性分為亞家族,對應於它們所在的病毒家族:[27]

參見

編輯

參考文獻

編輯
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