不從國教者

不從國教者（Nonconformist），也譯不信奉國教者，指的是不信奉英格蘭教會（英格蘭國教）的新教徒^[1]。英格蘭持不同意見者（English Dissenters）和這個詞時常混用。

這個術語出現於斯圖亞特王朝復辟並頒佈1662年教會統一法令後。它包括加爾文宗（長老宗和公理會）、浸禮宗、普利茅斯弟兄會、循道宗和貴格會等自由教會信徒^[2]。20世紀之前，他們的公民權利和政治權利多有限制。

歷史

起源

1662年教會統一法令要求教士遵循公禱書中的所有儀式和規範^[3]，還要求英格蘭教會的所有牧師都需經主教任命。清教徒很厭惡這種行為，結果近2000名神職人員因拒絕遵守該法案而被逐出教會，史稱「大驅逐」（Great Ejection）。^[3]

長老宗、公理會、浸禮宗、加爾文宗等「改革」教派在法案頒佈後也被認定為非國教派^[4]。雖然1688年寬容法令給予了他們一定的宗教自由^[5]，但實際生活中存在各種權利的限制。

改革

英國議會禁止他們擔任大多數公職^[6]。1732年，倫敦市的不信奉國教者組織起來，抗議政府的不公待遇，並於1828年實現目的^[7]。

對不信奉國教者強征的教堂稅（Church rate）也在1868年改為自願^[8]。《1836年婚姻法案》（Marriage Act 1836）使他們可以在自己的教堂里結婚，《1880年埋葬法修正案》（Burial Laws Amendment Act 1880）使他們可以在英格蘭教會的墓地下葬。^[9] ^:144–147

此外，不信奉國教者也曾受牛津大學和劍橋大學限制。牛津大學要求申請入學的學生遵守國教三十九條信綱，劍橋大學則要求學生必須遵守三十九條才能獲得文憑。它們曾在1830年代反對向倫敦大學授予特許狀，因為後者沒有這樣的限制。1854年、1856年牛津和劍橋先後取消限制。^[10]^[9]^:147

20世紀，隨着宗教勢力的衰弱，不信奉國教者也逐漸減少。^[11]^[12]^[13]

參考文獻

^ Sell, Alan P. F. Nonconformist Theology in the Twentieth Century. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2 December 2020: 446. ISBN 978-1-7252-3202-0 （English）.
^ Peberdy, Robert; Waller, Philip. A Dictionary of British and Irish History. John Wiley & Sons. 2 December 2020: 446. ISBN 978-0-631-20154-0 （English）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Choudhury 2005
^ Nonconformist (Protestant). Encyclopædia Britannica. [30 January 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-01）.
^ Cross 1997
^ Owen Chadwick, The Victorian Church, Part One: 1829–1859 (1966) pp. 60–95, 142–58
^ Richard W. Davis, "The Strategy of 'Dissent' in the Repeal Campaign, 1820–1828". Journal of Modern History 38.4 (1966): 374–393.
JSTOR 1876681
.
^ Olive Anderson, "Gladstone's Abolition of Compulsory Church Rates: a Minor Political Myth and its Historiographical Career". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 25#2 (1974): 185–198. doi:10.1017/S0022046900045735.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 Richard Helmstadter, "The Nonconformist Conscience" in Peter Marsh, ed., The Conscience of the Victorian State (1979)
^ Lund, Valerie K., "The admission of religious nonconformists to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and to degrees in those universities, 1828--1871" (1978). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. William & Mary. Paper 1539625037. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-xzep-p808
^ Steve Bruce, and Tony Glendinning, "When was secularization? Dating the decline of the British churches and locating its cause". British Journal of Sociology 61#1 (2010): 107–126. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2009.01304.x.
^ Callum G. Brown, The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation, 1800–2000 (2009)
^ Alan D. Gilbert, The making of post-Christian Britain: a history of the secularization of modern society (Longman, 1980).

來源

Choudhury, Bibhash. English Social and Cultural History: An Introductory Guide and Glossary 2nd. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. 2005. ISBN 8120328493.
Cross, F.L., E.A. Livingstone , 編, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 3rd, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997
Helmstadter, Richard J. The Nonconformist Conscience. Marsh, Peter (編). The Conscience of the Victorian State. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. 1979: 135–72. doi:10.1086/ahr/85.1.126.
Mitchell, Sally, Victorian Britain An Encyclopedia, London: Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2011, ISBN 978-0415668514
Reynolds, Noel Beldon, Cole Durham , 編, Religious liberty in Western thought, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003, ISBN 0802848532

[Sell2020-1] Sell, Alan P. F. Nonconformist Theology in the Twentieth Century. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2 December 2020: 446. ISBN 978-1-7252-3202-0 （English）.

[PeberdyWaller2020-2] Peberdy, Robert; Waller, Philip. A Dictionary of British and Irish History. John Wiley & Sons. 2 December 2020: 446. ISBN 978-0-631-20154-0 （English）.

[Choudhury-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Choudhury 2005

[EB-4] Nonconformist (Protestant). Encyclopædia Britannica. [30 January 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-01）.

[5] Cross 1997

[6] Owen Chadwick, The Victorian Church, Part One: 1829–1859 (1966) pp. 60–95, 142–58

[7] Richard W. Davis, "The Strategy of 'Dissent' in the Repeal Campaign, 1820–1828". Journal of Modern History 38.4 (1966): 374–393.
JSTOR 1876681
.

[8] Olive Anderson, "Gladstone's Abolition of Compulsory Church Rates: a Minor Political Myth and its Historiographical Career". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 25#2 (1974): 185–198. doi:10.1017/S0022046900045735.

[Helmstadter1979-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Richard Helmstadter, "The Nonconformist Conscience" in Peter Marsh, ed., The Conscience of the Victorian State (1979)

[10] Lund, Valerie K., "The admission of religious nonconformists to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and to degrees in those universities, 1828--1871" (1978). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. William & Mary. Paper 1539625037. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-xzep-p808

[11] Steve Bruce, and Tony Glendinning, "When was secularization? Dating the decline of the British churches and locating its cause". British Journal of Sociology 61#1 (2010): 107–126. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2009.01304.x.

[12] Callum G. Brown, The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation, 1800–2000 (2009)

[13] Alan D. Gilbert, The making of post-Christian Britain: a history of the secularization of modern society (Longman, 1980).

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