尼布甲尼撒二世
尼布甲尼撒二世(阿卡德語:
尼布甲尼撒二世 | |
---|---|
新巴比倫國王 | |
![]() | |
統治 | 前605年-前562年在位 |
前任 | 那波帕拉薩爾 |
繼任 | 以未米羅達 |
逝世 | 前562年 |
他的名字意思是「保護繼承者尼布」。
生平
編輯早年
編輯尼布甲尼撒的父親是新巴比倫帝國的開國君主-那波帕拉薩爾,妻子是米底王國的公主阿米蒂斯,兩個王國聯姻後勢力大增。爾後那波帕拉薩爾使巴比倫脫離亞述的屬國地位,並打垮亞述人、將新亞述帝國的都城尼尼微夷為平地。尼布甲尼撒是家中長子和繼承人,前607年隨父親出征亞述北部山區,後來單獨指揮作戰。古埃及曾經擊敗亞述人、佔領了原亞述帝國西部卡爾基米什一帶,導致前亞述帝國領土被伽勒底和米底分割。公元前606年,他帶兵任總司令,在卡爾基米什痛殲埃及軍隊,收復了前亞述領地。公元前605年8月,那波帕拉薩爾去世,尼布甲尼撒趕回巴比倫繼承王位。
對外征戰
編輯公元前604年他發兵征服敘利亞和巴勒斯坦部分地區,爾後僱用希臘傭兵作戰,但於公元前601年被埃及軍隊打敗,損失慘重,他竭力補充損失的戰車和兵員,捲土重來。公元前597年,他率兵攻佔耶路撒冷,並將猶大王國國王約雅斤擄回巴比倫,《聖經》中還記載了公元前586年他再次進攻耶路撒冷、圍攻推羅城,毀滅兩座城市並拆毀神殿。
大英博物館保存描述他的楔形文字泥版文書,寫到:「巴比倫國王,尼布甲尼撒,在第37年,帶領軍隊進攻埃及,埃及國王雅赫摩斯集合軍隊前往應戰」。
逝世
編輯他於公元前562年去世,由他兒子以未米羅達繼位。公元前539年,他去世後尚不到25年,巴比倫就被波斯帝國的居魯士大帝征服。
成就
編輯尼布甲尼撒同時也是一位卓越的外交家,曾派遣使節和小亞細亞的希臘人國家呂底亞及米底周旋,解除西方的威脅。他將巴比倫建成一個著名的城市,完善輸水設施和水庫。
聖經中的描寫
編輯尼布甲尼撒多次在《聖經》中出現。《列王紀》中描述了尼布甲尼撒兩次包圍耶路撒冷,《耶利米書》則描述了第二次圍城和洗劫摧毀所羅門聖殿。
尼布甲尼撒二世也是《但以理書》中的重要人物,4章1-37節中描述他的夢境、對神的讚頌,此夢見於但以理所謄錄的巴比倫國史文獻內。首先尼布甲尼撒承認至高上帝的大能及他的王國,然後敘述他可怕的夢,並解釋這夢如何應驗在他身上。他夢見一棵大樹,高得頂天,所産的果子可供衆生食用,其蔭可遮庇萬民。一位守望者大聲喊叫説:『要伐倒這樹。把樹的殘株用鐵圈和銅圈箍住。經過七期,好叫世人知道至高者在人的國中掌權,要將國賜給極卑微的人統治。』(但以理書4:14-17)但以理把夢講解出來,指明樹代表尼布甲尼撒。這個含有預言性的夢不久便實現了,有一天國王因自己的威榮而自命不凡,隨即變成有如瘋子一般,在田間吃草為生,與獸無異,一共過了七年。此後他的神智回復正常,他於是稱頌耶和華的至尊地位。
持批判意見的學者共同認為,但以理書是歷史虛構小說,[3][4][5]尼布甲尼撒不太可能真的承認耶和華。[6];他陷入瘋狂的時期也屬虛構,歷史學家將此歸因於那波尼德在泰馬時的謠言,後來通過異文合併的過程用於尼布甲尼撒身上。 [7]
參考文獻
編輯引用
編輯- ^ Anton Nyström, Allmän kulturhistoria eller det mänskliga lifvet i dess utveckling, bd 2 (1901)
- ^ Wiseman 1991a,第233–234頁.
- ^ Collins 1999,第219頁.
- ^ Redditt 2008,第180頁.
- ^ Collins 1984,第41頁: "Conversely, most critical scholars take for granted that the genre is not History."
- ^ Smith-Christopher, D.L. The Book of Daniel. Keck, Leander E. (編). The New Interpreter's Bible : general articles & introduction, commentary, & reflections for each book of the Bible, including the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books 7. 1996: 19–152. ISBN 9780687278206. OCLC 30663880. apud Collins, J.J.; Flint, Peter W. The Book of Daniel, Volume 1 Composition and Reception. BRILL. 15 December 2000: 11 [2020-04-28]. ISBN 978-90-04-27608-6. (原始內容存檔於2020-01-13).
- ^ Henze, M. H. The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar: The Ancient Near Eastern Origins and Early History of Interpretation of Daniel 4. BRILL. 1999: 63 [2020-04-28]. ISBN 978-90-04-11421-0. (原始內容存檔於2020-01-13).
書目
編輯- Chapter 23, "The Chaldaean Kings" in Georges Roux, Ancient Iraq (3rd ed.). London: Penguin Books, 1992. ISBN 0-14-012523-X
- ABC 5 (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館): Chronicle Concerning the Early Years of Nebuchadnezzar
- Nabuchodonosor (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) on the Catholic Encyclopedia
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館): Herbermann, Charles, ed (1913). "Nabuchodonosor (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)". Catholic Encyclopedia (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Robert Appleton Company.
- 本條目出自已經處於公有領域的:Easton, Matthew George. article name needed. 伊斯頓聖經辭典 New and revised. T. Nelson and Sons. 1897.
- Nos ancêtres de l'Antiquité, Étude des possibilités de liens généalogiques entre les familles de l'Antiquité et celles du haut Moyen Âge européen, 1991, Christian Settipani, p.
- Stefan Zawadski, "Nebuchadnezzar's Campaign in the 30th Year (575 B.C.): A Conflict with Tyre?" in Mordechai Cogan and Dan`el Kahn (eds), Treasures on Camels' Humps: Historical and Literary Studies from the Ancient Near East Presented to Israel Eph'al (Jerusalem, Magnes Press, 2008).
- T. E. Gaston, Historical Issues in the Book of Daniel, Oxford: Taanathshiloh, 2009.
- Arnold, Bill T. Who Were the Babylonians?. Brill. 2005. ISBN 9004130713.
- Bertman, Stephen. Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-518364-1.
- Cline, Eric H.; Graham, Mark W. Ancient Empires: From Mesopotamia to the Rise of Islam. Cambridge University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-521-88911-7.
- Dalley, Stephanie. The Legacy of Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-814946-0.
- Foster, Benjamin Read; Foster, Karen Polinger. Civilizations of Ancient Iraq. Princeton University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-691-13722-3.
- Freedman, David Noel. Nebuchadnezzar. Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (編). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. 2000. ISBN 9789053565032.
- Lee, Wayne E. Warfare and Culture in World History. NYU Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-8147-5278-4.
- Oates, J. The Fall of Assyria (635–609 BC). Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S. (編). The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume III Part II. Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-521-22717-9.
- Sweeney, Marvin A. Isaiah 1–39: With an Introduction to Prophetic Literature. Eerdmans. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8028-4100-1.
- Wiseman, D.J. Babylonia 605–539 BC. Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S. (編). The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume III Part II. Cambridge University Press. 1991a. ISBN 978-0-521-22717-9.
- Wiseman, D.J. Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon: The Schweich Lectures of The British Academy 1983. OUP/British Academy. 1991b. ISBN 978-0-19-726100-2.
- Bandstra, Barry L. Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible. Wadsworth Publishing Company. 2008. ISBN 978-0-495-39105-0.
- Bar, Shaul. A letter that has not been read: dreams in the Hebrew Bible. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-87820-424-3.
- Boyer, Paul S. When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture. Harvard University Press. 1992. ISBN 0-674-95129-8.
- Brettler, Mark Zvi. How To Read the Bible. Jewish Publication Society. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8276-1001-9.
- Carroll, John T. Eschatology. Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (編). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. 2000 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 9789053565032. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-25).
- Cohn, Shaye J.D. From the Maccabees to the Mishnah. Westminster John Knox Press. 2006 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-664-22743-2. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-19).
- Collins, John J. Daniel. Van Der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; van der Horst, Pieter Willem (編). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Eerdmans. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2.
- Collins, John J. Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature. Eerdmans. 1984 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8028-0020-6. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-21).
- Collins, John J. Daniel. Fortress. 1993 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8006-6040-6. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-23).
- Collins, John J. The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to Jewish Apocalyptic Literature. Eerdmans. 1998 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8028-4371-5. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-25).
- Collins, John J. Seers, Sibyls, and Sages in Hellenistic-Roman Judaism. Brill. 2001 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-391-04110-3. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-25).
- Collins, John J. Current Issues in the Study of Daniel. Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (編). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Brill. 2002 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 9004116753. (原始內容存檔於2020-03-01).
- Collins, John J. From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End. McGinn, Bernard; Collins, John J.; Stein, Stephen J. (編). The Continuum History of Apocalypticism. Continuum. 2003 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8264-1520-2. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-22).
- Collins, John J. Daniel. Lieb, Michael; Mason, Emma; Roberts, Jonathan (編). The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible. Oxford UNiversity Press. 2013 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-19-164918-9. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-22).
- Crawford, Sidnie White. Apocalyptic. Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (編). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. 2000 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 9789053565032. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-24).
- Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. 2005 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-25).
- Davies, Philip. Apocalyptic. Rogerson, J. W.; Lieu, Judith M. (編). The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies. Oxford Handbooks Online. 2006 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-19-925425-5. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-25).
- DeChant, Dell. Apocalyptic Communities. Neusner, Jacob (編). World Religions in America: An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. 2009 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-1-61164-047-2. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-01).
- Doukhan, Jacques. Secrets of Daniel: Wisdom and Dreams of a Jewish Prince in Exile. Review and Herald Pub Assoc. 2000. ISBN 978-0-8280-1424-3.
- Dunn, James D.G. The Danilic Son of Man in the New Testament. Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (編). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Brill. 2002 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 0-391-04128-2. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-27).
- Godden, Malcolm. Biblical Literature" The Old Testament. Godden and, Malcolm; Lapidge, Michael (編). The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature. Cambridge University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-1-107-46921-1.
- Grabbe, Lester L. Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh. Routledge. 2002a [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-203-46101-3. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-23).
- Grabbe, Lester L. A Dan(iel) For All Seasons. Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (編). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Brill. 2002b [2019-09-19]. ISBN 9004116753. (原始內容存檔於2020-03-01).
- Grabbe, Lester L. An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus. Continuum. 2010. ISBN 978-0-567-55248-8.
- Hammer, Raymond. The Book of Daniel. Cambridge University Press. 1976 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-521-09765-9. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-23).
- Harrington, Daniel J. Invitation to the Apocrypha. Eerdmans. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8028-4633-4.
- Hill, Andrew E. Daniel. Garland, David E.; Longman, Tremper (編). Daniel—Malachi. Zondervan. 2009 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-310-59054-5. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-23).
- Hill, Charles E. Antichrist. Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (編). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. 2000 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 9789053565032. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-21).
- Horsley, Richard A. Scribes, Visionaries, and the Politics of Second Temple Judea. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. 2007 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-664-22991-7. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-23).
- Knibb, Michael. The Book of Daniel in its Context. Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (編). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Brill. 2002 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 9004116753. (原始內容存檔於2020-03-01).
- Levine, Amy-Jill. Daniel. Coogan, Michael D.; Brettler, Marc Z.; Newsom, Carol A. (編). The new Oxford annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books : New Revised Standard Version. Oxford University Press. 2010 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-19-937050-4. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-21).
- Lucas, Ernest C. Daniel, Book of. Vanhoozer, Kevin J.; Bartholomew, Craig G.; Treier, Daniel J. (編). Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible. Baker Academic. 2005 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8010-2694-2. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-21).
- Matthews, Victor H.; Moyer, James C. The Old Testament: Text and Context. Baker Books. 2012 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8010-4835-7. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-23).
- McDonald, Lee Martin. Formation of the Bible: the Story of the Church's Canon. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. 2012: 57 [22 July 2014]. ISBN 978-1-59856-838-7. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-25).
- Miller, Steven R. Daniel. B&H Publishing Group. 1994. ISBN 978-0-8054-0118-9.
- Niskanen, Paul. The Human and the Divine in History: Herodotus and the Book of Daniel. Continuum. 2004 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-567-08213-8. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-27).
- Provan, Iain. Daniel. Dunn, James D. G.; Rogerson, John William (編). Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. 2003 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-21).
- Redditt, Paul L. Introduction to the Prophets. Eerdmans. 2008 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8028-2896-5. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-23).
- Reid, Stephen Breck. Daniel, Book of. Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (編). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Eerdmans. 2000 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 9789053565032. (原始內容存檔於2019-11-30).
- Rowland, Christopher. Apocalyptic Literature. Hass, Andrew; Jasper, David; Jay, Elisabeth (編). The Oxford Handbook of English Literature and Theology. Oxford University Press. 2007 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-19-927197-9. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-22).
- Ryken, Leland; Wilhoit, Jim; Longman, Tremper. Dictionary of Biblical Imagery. InterVarsity Press. 1998 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8308-6733-2. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-22).
- Sacchi, Paolo. The History of the Second Temple Period. Continuum. 2004 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-567-04450-1. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-27).
- Schwartz, Daniel R. Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity. Mohr Siebeck. 1992 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-3-16-145798-2. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-20).
- Seow, C.L. Daniel. Westminster John Knox Press. 2003 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-664-25675-3. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-25).
- Schiffman, Lawrence H. From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism. KTAV Publishing House. 1991 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-88125-372-6. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-23).
- Spencer, Richard A. Additions to Daniel. Mills, Watson E.; Wilson, Richard F. (編). The Deuterocanonicals/Apocrypha. Mercer University Press. 2002 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-86554-510-6. (原始內容存檔於2020-03-29).
- Towner, W. Sibley. Daniel. Westminster John Knox Press. 1984 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-664-23756-1. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-25).
- VanderKam, James C. The Dead Sea Scrolls Today. Eerdmans. 2010 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-8028-6435-2. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-22).
- VanderKam, James C.; Flint, Peter. The meaning of the Dead Sea scrolls: their significance for understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity. HarperCollins. 2013 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-06-224330-0. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-23).
- Waters, Matt. Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BC. Cambridge University Press. 2014 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-1-107-65272-9. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-21).
- Weber, Timothy P. Millennialism. Walls, Jerry L. (編). The Oxford Handbook of Eschatology. Oxford University Press. 2007 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 978-0-19-974248-6. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-21).
- Wesselius, Jan-Wim. The Writing of Daniel. Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron (編). The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. Brill. 2002 [2019-09-19]. ISBN 0-391-04128-2. (原始內容存檔於2019-12-01).
外部連結
編輯- Inscription of Nabuchadnezzar. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) – old translation
- Nabuchadnezzar Ishtar gate Inscription (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Jewish Encyclopedia on Nebuchadnezzar (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
- Nebuchadnezzar II on Ancient History Encyclopedia
前任: 那波帕拉薩爾 |
美索不達米亞王朝表 | 繼任: 以未米羅達 |