尼布甲尼撒二世
尼布甲尼撒二世(阿卡德语:
尼布甲尼撒二世 | |
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新巴比伦国王 | |
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統治 | 前605年-前562年在位 |
前任 | 那波帕拉薩爾 |
繼任 | 以未米羅達 |
逝世 | 前562年 |
他的名字意思是“保护继承者尼布”。
生平
编辑早年
编辑尼布甲尼撒的父亲是新巴比倫帝国的开国君主-那波帕拉薩爾,妻子是米底王国的公主阿米蒂斯,两个王国联姻后势力大增。尔后那波帕拉薩爾使巴比伦脱离亚述的属国地位,并打垮亚述人、将新亞述帝國的都城尼尼微夷为平地。尼布甲尼撒是家中长子和继承人,前607年随父亲出征亚述北部山区,后来单独指挥作战。古埃及曾经击败亚述人、占领了原亚述帝国西部卡尔基米什一带,导致前亚述帝国领土被伽勒底和米底分割。公元前606年,他带兵任总司令,在卡尔基米什痛歼埃及军队,收复了前亚述领地。公元前605年8月,那波帕拉薩爾去世,尼布甲尼撒赶回巴比伦继承王位。
對外征戰
编辑公元前604年他发兵征服叙利亚和巴勒斯坦部分地区,尔后雇用希腊佣兵作战,但于公元前601年被埃及军队打败,损失惨重,他竭力补充损失的战车和兵员,卷土重来。公元前597年,他率兵攻占耶路撒冷,并将猶大王國國王约雅斤掳回巴比伦,《圣经》中还记载了公元前586年他再次进攻耶路撒冷、围攻推罗城,毁灭两座城市並拆毁神殿。
大英博物馆保存描述他的楔形文字泥版文书,写到:“巴比伦国王,尼布甲尼撒,在第37年,带领军队进攻埃及,埃及国王雅赫摩斯集合军队前往应战”。
逝世
编辑他于公元前562年去世,由他儿子以未米羅達繼位。公元前539年,他去世后尚不到25年,巴比伦就被波斯帝國的居鲁士大帝征服。
成就
编辑尼布甲尼撒同时也是一位卓越的外交家,曾派遣使节和小亚细亚的希腊人国家吕底亚及米底周旋,解除西方的威胁。他将巴比伦建成一个著名的城市,完善输水设施和水库。
圣经中的描写
编辑尼布甲尼撒多次在《聖經》中出现。《列王纪》中描述了尼布甲尼撒两次包围耶路撒冷,《耶利米书》则描述了第二次围城和洗劫摧毁所罗门圣殿。
尼布甲尼撒二世也是《但以理書》中的重要人物,4章1-37節中描述他的夢境、對神的讚頌,此夢見於但以理所謄錄的巴比倫國史文獻內。首先尼布甲尼撒承認至高上帝的大能及他的王國,然後敘述他可怕的夢,並解釋這夢如何應驗在他身上。他夢見一棵大樹,高得頂天,所産的果子可供衆生食用,其蔭可遮庇萬民。一位守望者大聲喊叫説:『要伐倒這樹。把樹的殘株用鐵圈和銅圈箍住。經過七期,好叫世人知道至高者在人的國中掌權,要將國賜給極卑微的人統治。』(但以理書4:14-17)但以理把夢講解出來,指明樹代表尼布甲尼撒。這個含有預言性的夢不久便實現了,有一天國王因自己的威榮而自命不凡,隨即變成有如瘋子一般,在田間吃草為生,與獸無異,一共過了七年。此後他的神智回復正常,他於是稱頌耶和華的至尊地位。
持批判意见的学者共同认为,但以理书是历史虚构小说,[3][4][5]尼布甲尼撒不太可能真的承认耶和华。[6];他陷入疯狂的时期也属虚构,历史学家将此归因于那波尼德在泰马时的谣言,后来通过异文合并的过程用于尼布甲尼撒身上。 [7]
参考文献
编辑引用
编辑- ^ Anton Nyström, Allmän kulturhistoria eller det mänskliga lifvet i dess utveckling, bd 2 (1901)
- ^ Wiseman 1991a,第233–234頁.
- ^ Collins 1999,第219頁.
- ^ Redditt 2008,第180頁.
- ^ Collins 1984,第41頁: "Conversely, most critical scholars take for granted that the genre is not History."
- ^ Smith-Christopher, D.L. The Book of Daniel. Keck, Leander E. (编). The New Interpreter's Bible : general articles & introduction, commentary, & reflections for each book of the Bible, including the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books 7. 1996: 19–152. ISBN 9780687278206. OCLC 30663880. apud Collins, J.J.; Flint, Peter W. The Book of Daniel, Volume 1 Composition and Reception. BRILL. 15 December 2000: 11 [2020-04-28]. ISBN 978-90-04-27608-6. (原始内容存档于2020-01-13).
- ^ Henze, M. H. The Madness of King Nebuchadnezzar: The Ancient Near Eastern Origins and Early History of Interpretation of Daniel 4. BRILL. 1999: 63 [2020-04-28]. ISBN 978-90-04-11421-0. (原始内容存档于2020-01-13).
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- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆): Herbermann, Charles, ed (1913). "Nabuchodonosor (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)". Catholic Encyclopedia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Robert Appleton Company.
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外部链接
编辑- Inscription of Nabuchadnezzar. Babylonian and Assyrian Literature (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – old translation
- Nabuchadnezzar Ishtar gate Inscription (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Jewish Encyclopedia on Nebuchadnezzar (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Nebuchadnezzar II on Ancient History Encyclopedia
前任: 那波帕拉薩爾 |
美索不达米亚王朝表 | 继任: 以未米羅達 |