猶太人離開穆斯林世界
猶太人離開穆斯林世界是指20世紀（1948年至1970年代初為主），大約900000猶太人因為各種原因離開非洲和亞洲的穆斯林世界。以色列獨立宣言是導致猶太人離開穆斯林世界的重要原因。伊朗伊斯蘭革命爆發後，伊朗境內的猶太人離開伊朗。此後穆斯林世界的猶太人人口就非常少。據估計，這些離開穆斯林世界的猶太人中至少有650000（72%）人前往以色列定居。 [1]
20世紀初，一些定居在中東穆斯林世界（例如也門和敘利亞）的猶太人移民到巴勒斯坦地區。 [2]在英國託管巴勒斯坦期間，來自穆斯林世界的猶太人移民比較少。 [3] 1948年以色列獨立之前，大約有800000猶太人生活在阿拉伯世界。其中，近三分之二生活在法國和意大利控制下的北非地區，15-20%生活在伊拉克王國，約10%生活在埃及王國，約7%生活在也門穆塔瓦基利亞王國。另有200000猶太人在伊朗王國和土耳其境內定居。
20世紀40年代末和1950年代初爆發第一波穆斯林世界猶太人移民潮，許多猶太人離開伊拉克、也門和利比亞。 [4] 1948年至1951年間， 有260000猶太人離開阿拉伯世界前往以色列。 [5]以色列政府決定接納他們。 [6]
1956年第二次中東戰爭爆發後，許多埃及猶太人離開埃及。20世紀60年代，又有許多猶太人離開北非。此時黎巴嫩是唯一一個猶太人人口有所增加的阿拉伯國家，不過到了20世紀70年代中期，黎巴嫩的猶太人人口也有所減少。截至1972 年，已有600000猶太人離開阿拉伯和穆斯林國家前往以色列， [7][8][9] ，另有300000人前往法國和美國。這導致來自中東地區的猶太人（米茲拉希猶太人和塞法迪猶太人）占以色列總人口的一半以上。 [10] 截至2009年，只有26000名猶太人依然留在阿拉伯國家和伊朗， [11]另有26000名猶太人依然留在土耳其。 [12] 截至2019年，阿拉伯國家和伊朗的猶太人人口又下降至12,700人， [13] 土耳其的猶太人人口下降至14,800。 [14]
參考文獻
編輯- ^ Beker 2005，第4頁.
- ^ Simon, Laskier & Reguer 2003: "Before the 1940s only two communities, Yemen and Syria, made substantial aliyah."
- ^ Picard 2018，第4頁: "In fact, few Jews from Muslim countries immigrated to Palestine during the years of the British Mandate.
- ^ Aharoni, Ada. The Forced Migration of Jews from Arab Countries. Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice (Routledge). 2003, 15 (1): 53–60 [2024-01-17]. S2CID 145345386. doi:10.1080/1040265032000059742. （原始內容存檔於2017-10-10）.
- ^ Shindler, Colin. A History of modern Israel. Cambridge University Press 2008. pp. 63–64.
- ^ Hakohen, Devorah. Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After. Syracuse University Press. 2003: 46. ISBN 978-0-8156-2969-6.
After independence, the government presented the Knesset with a plan to double the Jewish population within four years. This meant bringing in 600000 immigrants in a four-year period. or 150000 per year. Absorbing 150000 newcomers annually under the trying conditions facing the new state was a heavy burden indeed. Opponents in the Jewish Agency and the government of mass immigration argued that there was no justification for organizing large-scale emigration among Jews whose lives were not in danger, particularly when the desire and motivation were not their own.
- ^ Schwartz, Adi. All I Wanted was Justice. Haaretz. 4 January 2008 [14 November 2010]. （原始內容存檔於20 March 2016）.
- ^ Malka Hillel Shulewitz, The Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands, Continuum 2001, pp. 139 and 155.
- ^ Ada Aharoni "The Forced Migration of Jews from Arab Countries 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期13 February 2012., Historical Society of Jews from Egypt website. Accessed 1 February 2009.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla. The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. 12 May 2008. ISBN 978-1-85109-842-2.
- ^ The Rebirth of the Middle East, Jerry M. Rosenberg, Hamilton Books, 2009, page 44
- ^ Turkish – Jewish Friendship Over 500 Years. [13 November 2014]. （原始內容存檔於2014-08-17）.
- ^ Jewish Population of the World. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. [2 July 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-13）.
- ^ Jewish Population of the World. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. [2 July 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2023-10-13）.
參考書目
編輯- Ariel, Ari, Jewish-Muslim Relations and Migration from Yemen to Palestine in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, BRILL, 2013, ISBN 978-90-04-26537-0
- Bashkin, Orit. New Babylonians: A History of Jews in Modern Iraq. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-8047-7874-9.
- Beker, A. The Forgotten Narrative: Jewish Refugees From Arab Countries. Jewish Political Studies Review. 2005, 17 (3/4): 3–19. JSTOR 25834637.
- Chouraqui, Andre, Between East and West: A History of the Jews of North Africa, Jewish Publication Society of America, 2002, ISBN 978-1-59045-118-2
- Choi, Sung-Eun. Decolonization and the French of Algeria: Bringing the Settler Colony Home. Palgrave Macmillan. 2015. ISBN 978-1-137-57289-9.
- Fischbach, Michael R. Claiming Jewish Communal Property in Iraq. Middle East Report. 2008, (248): 5–7 [5 April 2010]. JSTOR 25164856. doi:10.2307/25164856
. （原始內容存檔於20 June 2010）. - Fischbach, Michael R., Jewish Property Claims Against Arab Countries, Columbia, 2013, ISBN 978-0-231-51781-2
- Gat, Moshe. The Jewish Exodus from Iraq, 1948–1951. Frank Cass. 1997. ISBN 978-0-7146-4689-3.
- Gat, Moshe. The Jewish Exodus from Iraq, 1948–1951. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 2013. ISBN 978-1-135-24654-9.
- Gorman, Anthony, The Mutamassirun, Historians, State and Politics in Twentieth Century Egypt: Contesting the Nation, Psychology Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-415-29753-0
- Harris, David A. In the Trenches: Selected Speeches and Writings of an American Jewish Activist, 1979–1999. KTAV Publishing House. 2001. ISBN 978-0-88125-693-2.
- Laskier, Michael, North African Jewry in the Twentieth Century: The Jews of Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria, NYU Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-8147-5072-8
- Laskier, Michael, The Alliance Israelite Universelle and the Jewish Communities of Morocco, 1862–1962, SUNY Press, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4384-1016-6
- Levin, Itamar. Locked Doors: The Seizure of Jewish Property in Arab Countries. Praeger/Greenwood. 2001. ISBN 978-0-275-97134-2.
- Krämer, Gudrun. The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 1989. ISBN 978-1-85043-100-8.
- Mandel, Maud, Muslims and Jews in France: History of a Conflict, Princeton University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-4008-4858-4
- Meir-Glitzenstein, Esther, Zionism in an Arab Country: Jews in Iraq in the 1940s, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 978-1-135-76862-1
- Morris, Benny. 1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war. Yale University Press. 2008 [2024-01-17]. ISBN 978-0-300-14524-3. （原始內容存檔於2023-03-20）.
- Parfitt, Tudor, The Road to Redemption: The Jews of the Yemen 1900–1950, Series in Jewish Studies XVII, Brill, 1996, ISBN 978-90-04-10544-7
- Parfitt, Tudor (編). Israel and Ishmael : studies in Muslim Jewish relations 1. publ. in the United States of America. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-312-22228-4.
- Picard, Avi. Building the country or rescuing the people: Ben-Gurion's attitude towards mass Jewish immigration to Israel in the mid-1950s. Middle Eastern Studies. 2018, 54 (3): 382–399 [2024-01-17]. S2CID 148734935. doi:10.1080/00263206.2017.1414698. （原始內容存檔於2023-12-17）.
- Roumani, Maurice, The Jews of Libya: Coexistence, Persecution, Resettlement, Sussex Academic Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1-84519-367-6
- Shenhav, Yehouda, The Jews of Iraq, Zionist Ideology, and the Property of the Palestinian Refugees of 1948: An Anomaly of National Accounting (PDF), International Journal of Middle East Studies (Cambridge University Press), 1999, 31 (4): 605–630 [2024-01-17], S2CID 159733170, doi:10.1017/s0020743800057111, （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2024-02-16）
- Shenhav, Yehouda, The Arab Jews: A Postcolonial Reading of Nationalism, Religion, and Ethnicity, Stanford University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8047-5296-1
- Shiblak, Abbas, The Lure of Zion: The Case of the Iraqi Jews, Al Saqi Books, 1986
- Simon, Rachel. Change within tradition among Jewish women in Libya. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-295-97167-4.
- Simon, Reeva S.; Laskier, Michael M.; Reguer, Sara (編). The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times. Columbia University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-231-10797-6.
- Stillman, Norman. Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. 2003. ISBN 978-0-8276-0370-7.
- Szulc, Tad. The Secret Alliance: The Extraordinary Story of the Rescue of the Jews Since World War II. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. 1991. ISBN 978-0-374-24946-5.
- Toktas, Sule, Turkey's Jews and Their Immigration to Israel (PDF), Middle Eastern Studies, 2006, 42 (3): 505–519 [24 June 2014], S2CID 55379633, doi:10.1080/00263200500521479, （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於4 March 2016）
