認知偏誤

認知偏誤（英語：Cognitive bias ^[1]），或作認知偏差^[2]、認知偏見^[3]等，是一種在判斷中偏離規範（英語：norm，哲學術語）或理性的系統模式。^[4] 個人根據他們對輸入的感知創造他們自己的「主觀現實」。個人對現實的建構，而不是客觀輸入，可能會決定他們在世界上的行為。因此，認知偏誤有時可能會導致知覺扭曲、不准確的判斷、不合邏輯的解釋或廣義上的非理性（英語：irrationality）。^[5]^[6]^[7]

儘管這種誤解看起來像是失常，但偏見可以幫助人類找到共同點和捷徑，以幫助處理生活中的常見情況。^[8]

一些認知偏誤大概是適應性的。認知偏誤可能會導致在特定情況下採取更有效的行動。^[9] 此外，允許認知偏誤可以實現更快的決策，當及時性比準確性更有價值時，這可能是可取的，如啟發法所示。^[10] 其他認知偏誤是人類處理能力極限的「副產品」^[11]，是由於缺乏適當的心理機制（有限理性）、個人體質和生物狀態的影響（參見體化認知），或僅僅是由於處理資訊能力的極限。^[12]^[13]

在認知科學、社會心理學和行為經濟學的人類判斷和決策研究的過去累積中，已經確定了一系列不斷發展的認知偏誤。 1996年，丹尼爾·康納曼和Tversky發表論文，表示認知偏誤對臨床判斷、創業、金融和管理等領域具有有效的實際意義。^[14]^[15]

人類以外許多物種也被發現存在認知偏誤的現象，包括老鼠、狗、恆河猴、綿羊、雞、椋鳥科動物和蜜蜂等。^[16]^[17]

分類

參考文獻

^ Cognitive Bias, Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior,SpringerLink. [2021-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-21）.
^ 劉彥方陳強立. [H27] 認知偏差. 思方網. [2016-08-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-02）.
^ cognitive bias - 認知偏見. 國家教育研究院. [2016-08-07]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-17）.
^ Haselton MG, Nettle D, Andrews PW. The evolution of cognitive bias.. Buss DM (編). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2005: 724–746.
^ Kahneman D, Tversky A. Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness (PDF). Cognitive Psychology. 1972, 3 (3): 430–454 [2017-04-01]. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2019-12-14）.
^ Baron J. Thinking and Deciding 4th. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 2007.
^ Ariely D. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions. New York, NY: HarperCollins. 2008. ISBN 978-0-06-135323-9.
^ 12 Common Biases That Affect How We Make Everyday Decisions. Psychology Today. [2020-07-21] （美國英語）.
^ For instance: Gigerenzer G, Goldstein DG. Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality (PDF). Psychological Review. October 1996, 103 (4): 650–69 [2021-12-09]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.174.4404  . PMID 8888650. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.4.650. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-09-22）.
^ Tversky A, Kahneman D. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science. September 1974, 185 (4157): 1124–31. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124.
^ Haselton MG, Nettle D, Andrews PW. The evolution of cognitive bias.. Buss DM (編). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2005: 724–746.
^ Bless H, Fiedler K, Strack F. Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality.. Hove and New York: Psychology Press. 2004.
^ Morewedge CK, Kahneman D. Associative processes in intuitive judgment. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. October 2010, 14 (10): 435–40. PMC 5378157  . PMID 20696611. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.004.
^ Kahneman D, Tversky A. On the reality of cognitive illusions (PDF). Psychological Review. July 1996, 103 (3): 582–91; discussion 592–6 [2019-09-16]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.174.5117  . PMID 8759048. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.582. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-05-16）.
^ Zhang SX, Cueto J. The Study of Bias in Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 2015, 41 (3): 419–454 [2021-12-09]. S2CID 146617323. doi:10.1111/etap.12212. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-17）.
^ Rygula, Rafal; Pluta, Helena; Popik, Piotr. Laughing Rats Are Optimistic. PLoS ONE. 2012-12-26, 7 (12). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3530570  . PMID 23300582. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051959.
^ Nematipour, Behzad; Bračić, Marko; Krohs, Ulrich. Cognitive bias in animal behavior science: a philosophical perspective. Animal Cognition. 2022, 25 (4). ISSN 1435-9448. PMC 9334413  . PMID 35781584. doi:10.1007/s10071-022-01647-z.

延伸閱讀

Daniel Kahneman. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2011. ISBN 978-0-374-27563-1.

參見

認知偏誤列表
確認偏誤
後見之明偏誤
謬誤
偏誤 (統計學)
偏見
有限理性
認知失調
認知扭曲
認知心理學
情報分析的認知陷阱（英語：Cognitive traps for intelligence analysis）
批判性思考
情緒偏見（英語：Emotional bias）
演化心理學
預期偏誤（英語：Expectation bias）
參考類預估法——對付認知偏誤的一種方法

外部連結

[1] Cognitive Bias, Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior,SpringerLink. [2021-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-21）.

[2] 劉彥方陳強立. [H27] 認知偏差. 思方網. [2016-08-07]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-02）.

[3] tive bias - 認知偏見. 國家教育研究院. [2016-08-07]. （原始內容存檔於2016-08-17）.

[Haselton_2005-4] Haselton MG, Nettle D, Andrews PW. The evolution of cognitive bias.. Buss DM (編). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2005: 724–746.

[5] Kahneman D, Tversky A. Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness (PDF). Cognitive Psychology. 1972, 3 (3): 430–454 [2017-04-01]. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(72)90016-3. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2019-12-14）.

[6] Baron J. Thinking and Deciding 4th. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 2007.

[Ariely.2008-7] Ariely D. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions. New York, NY: HarperCollins. 2008. ISBN 978-0-06-135323-9.

[8] 12 Common Biases That Affect How We Make Everyday Decisions. Psychology Today. [2020-07-21] （美國英語）.

[9] For instance: Gigerenzer G, Goldstein DG. Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality (PDF). Psychological Review. October 1996, 103 (4): 650–69 [2021-12-09]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.174.4404  . PMID 8888650. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.4.650. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2017-09-22）.

[h_and_b-10] Tversky A, Kahneman D. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science. September 1974, 185 (4157): 1124–31. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124.

[Haselton_20052-11] Haselton MG, Nettle D, Andrews PW. The evolution of cognitive bias.. Buss DM (編). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2005: 724–746.

[12] Bless H, Fiedler K, Strack F. Social cognition: How individuals construct social reality.. Hove and New York: Psychology Press. 2004.

[13] Morewedge CK, Kahneman D. Associative processes in intuitive judgment. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. October 2010, 14 (10): 435–40. PMC 5378157  . PMID 20696611. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.004.

[14] Kahneman D, Tversky A. On the reality of cognitive illusions (PDF). Psychological Review. July 1996, 103 (3): 582–91; discussion 592–6 [2019-09-16]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.174.5117  . PMID 8759048. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.103.3.582. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-05-16）.

[S.X._Zhang_and_J._Cueto_2015-15] Zhang SX, Cueto J. The Study of Bias in Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 2015, 41 (3): 419–454 [2021-12-09]. S2CID 146617323. doi:10.1111/etap.12212. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-17）.

[16] Rygula, Rafal; Pluta, Helena; Popik, Piotr. Laughing Rats Are Optimistic. PLoS ONE. 2012-12-26, 7 (12). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3530570  . PMID 23300582. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051959.

[17] Nematipour, Behzad; Bračić, Marko; Krohs, Ulrich. Cognitive bias in animal behavior science: a philosophical perspective. Animal Cognition. 2022, 25 (4). ISSN 1435-9448. PMC 9334413  . PMID 35781584. doi:10.1007/s10071-022-01647-z.

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