蝙蝠攜帶的病毒
蝙蝠攜帶的病毒是指以蝙蝠為主要儲蓄宿主、能夠傳染到其他生物的病毒,包括冠狀病毒、漢他病毒、亨尼巴病毒、狂犬病毒、伊波拉病毒等。[1][2][3]
傳播
編輯蝙蝠攜帶的病毒可以經由其唾液傳播,唾液、糞便和尿液霧化後也能夠傳播病毒。不只狂犬病毒,近年來一些新興的病毒(例如伊波拉病毒、SARS病毒、中東呼吸綜合症冠狀病毒、嚴重急性呼吸綜合症冠狀病毒2型等)可由蝙蝠直接傳染給人類。[4][5]如果不加以診斷和治療,狂犬病毒的病毒株感染人體到患者發病的潛伏期短則幾小時, 多則數年。由於未意識到睡眠時被蝙蝠叮咬或是沒有被叮咬的感覺,或者在閣樓、地下室、穀倉等封閉環境停留過久,多數患者並不知道自己曾被蝙蝠咬過,或是曾經接觸過蝙蝠的分泌物。[6][7]
蝙蝠對病毒的易感性
編輯據信蝙蝠的棲息習慣、生殖周期、遷徙和冬眠等習慣令其具有對病毒的易感性。另外,人們已經發現蝙蝠相比其他哺乳動物更易持續感染,其原因據信是由於蝙蝠體內抗體的半衰期更短。蝙蝠相比人類等再感染抗性更高的哺乳動物,更容易重複感染相同的病毒。[8][9]
蝙蝠與齧齒動物相比
編輯比起齧齒動物,蝙蝠能夠飛行,活動範圍廣泛,因此更易傳播病毒。而那些在人類環境生存的蝙蝠,自然更容易令人類感染病毒。而齧齒動物的行動速度和範圍均有限,在人類的建築物中尋找季節性住所,其傳播病毒的能力相比蝙蝠弱。[10][11][12]
病毒分類
編輯冠狀病毒
編輯2002年爆發、次年開始全球流行的非典型肺炎疫情和2012年爆發的中東呼吸綜合症,其源頭都指向蝙蝠。[13][14]冠狀病毒是一種正義單鏈RNA病毒,分為四個屬,分別用希臘字母的前四個字母命名。其中,α-冠狀病毒和β-冠狀病毒可經由蝙蝠傳播。[15][16][17][18]
通過基因檢測,科學家發現2019新型冠狀病毒和在蝙蝠體內發現的病毒相似。[19]後續研究發現該新型病毒可能從蝙蝠經由蛇類傳染至人體,而華南海鮮市場販賣的野味中包括了蝙蝠和蛇類。[20]
狂犬病毒
編輯儘管蝙蝠不是哺乳動物中唯一攜帶狂犬病毒的動物[21],但已有研究表明其可以傳播狂犬病[22]。在美國,蝙蝠平均每年感染人類一到兩次狂犬病毒,令其成為該國狂犬病導致死亡的主要來源。[23]而在全世界,犬類依然是狂犬病致人類死亡的主要源頭,據世界衛生組織公佈的資料,犬類傳染給人類的狂犬病毒在所有動物中佔99%。[24]另外,同屬犬科的北極狐也會傳播北極狂犬病。[25][26]
漢他病毒
編輯漢他病毒通常見於齧齒動物和
亨尼巴病毒
編輯亨尼巴病毒屬屬於單股反鏈病毒目副黏液病毒科,下屬五個種,全為RNA病毒。狐蝠和一些小蝙蝠是亨尼巴病毒的自然攜帶者。[29]
絲狀病毒
編輯伊波拉病毒(Ebola virus)屬於絲狀病毒科,自然宿主也是蝙蝠,2013年開始於西非爆發的嚴重伊波拉出血熱疫情很可能是當地居民食用蝙蝠進而感染。此外屬於絲狀病毒的還有馬爾堡病毒(Marburg virus)。[30]
參見
編輯參考文獻
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