DNA错配修复
DNA错配修复(DNA mismatch repair,简称MMR)是生物DNA修复的一种机制,可修补DNA中配对错误的碱基[1][2]。因错配通常发生在新合成的DNA中(可能为碱基发生互变异构所致),进行错配修复时细胞需识别哪一股DNA为新合成者(参见半保留复制),并将其碱基切除修复,在许多细菌中旧的DNA一般有被甲基化,新合成的DNA则无,故细胞可以此识别新股,其他细菌与真核生物中的识别机制则有所不同,在真核生物中可能是以DNA刚复制后迟滞股(lagging strand)上尚未被连接酶连接的切口识别(且领先股上可能也会有切口)[3]。
大肠杆菌的DNA错配修复过程为MutS蛋白二聚体(MutS2)与新合成DNA上配对错误的碱基结合,接着MutL2会与之结合,MutH则切割错配附近未被甲基化的GATC位点而造成切口,之后MutS2、MutL2与MutH组成的复合体从切口处往错配处方向移动,过程中UvrD解旋酶可将DNA的两股分开,并有外切酶可水解新股DNA(包含错配的碱基)[注 1],直到经过错配的碱基后才停止,最后DNA聚合酶与DNA连接酶可重新合成被移除的DNA序列[4]。真核生物DNA错配修复的过程与原核生物相似,大部分蛋白均与后者的同源,但不同于大肠杆菌的MutS2与MutL2为同源二聚体,真核生物的均为异源二聚体[4],其中MutLα可能具内切酶功能[5]。除上述蛋白外修复过程还有PCNA[6][7]、RPA、RFC、HMGB1与DNA聚合酶δ等蛋白参与[4],有依赖外切酶Exo1的途径,也有使用其他蛋白切除错配DNA的途径[8]。
DNA错配修复的异常与多种疾病相关,Mut蛋白的突变会造成微卫星不稳定,可导致多种癌症,例如遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌(HNPCC)即为MSH2或MLH1等基因突变所致[9],单一基因突变即可致病,两个Mut蛋白的基因皆突变则可能导致透克氏症(错配修复癌症症候群,CMMR-D),常出现早发的结肠癌或脑癌[10]。除Mut蛋白的DNA序列突变外,启动子甲基化等表观遗传修饰与miR-155过度表现等机制也会因降低这些蛋白的表现而抑制DNA错配修复,进而导致癌症[11] [12]。
注脚
编辑参见
编辑参考文献
编辑- ^ Iyer RR, Pluciennik A, Burdett V, Modrich PL. DNA mismatch repair: functions and mechanisms. Chemical Reviews. February 2006, 106 (2): 302–23. PMID 16464007. doi:10.1021/cr0404794.
- ^ Larrea AA, Lujan SA, Kunkel TA. SnapShot: DNA mismatch repair. Cell. May 2010, 141 (4): 730–730.e1. PMID 20478261. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.05.002.
- ^ Heller RC, Marians KJ. Replisome assembly and the direct restart of stalled replication forks. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. December 2006, 7 (12): 932–43. PMID 17139333. doi:10.1038/nrm2058.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Li GM. Mechanisms and functions of DNA mismatch repair.. Cell Res. 2008, 18 (1): 85–98. PMID 18157157. doi:10.1038/cr.2007.115.
- ^ Kadyrov FA, Dzantiev L, Constantin N, Modrich P. Endonucleolytic function of MutLalpha in human mismatch repair.. Cell. 2006, 126 (2): 297–308. PMID 16873062. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.039.
- ^ Pluciennik A, Dzantiev L, Iyer RR, Constantin N, Kadyrov FA, Modrich P. PCNA function in the activation and strand direction of MutLα endonuclease in mismatch repair. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. September 2010, 107 (37): 16066–71. PMC 2941292 . PMID 20713735. doi:10.1073/pnas.1010662107.
- ^ Kadyrov FA, Dzantiev L, Constantin N, Modrich P. Endonucleolytic function of MutLalpha in human mismatch repair. Cell. July 2006, 126 (2): 297–308. PMID 16873062. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.039.
- ^ Goellner EM, Putnam CD, Kolodner RD. Exonuclease 1-dependent and independent mismatch repair.. DNA Repair (Amst). 2015, 32: 24–32. PMC 4522362 . PMID 25956862. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.04.010.
- ^ Ring, Kari L.; Garcia, Christine; Thomas, Martha H.; Modesitt, Susan C. Current and future role of genetic screening in gynecologic malignancies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2017, 217 (5): 512–521 [2021-05-07]. ISSN 1097-6868. PMID 28411145. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.04.011. (原始内容存档于2021-05-12).
- ^ OMIM 276300
- ^ Truninger K, Menigatti M, Luz J, Russell A, Haider R, Gebbers JO, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis reveals high frequency of PMS2 defects in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. May 2005, 128 (5): 1160–71. PMID 15887099. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.01.056.
- ^ Valeri N, Gasparini P, Fabbri M, Braconi C, Veronese A, Lovat F, et al. Modulation of mismatch repair and genomic stability by miR-155. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. April 2010, 107 (15): 6982–7. PMC 2872463 . PMID 20351277. doi:10.1073/pnas.1002472107.