斯蒂格勒定律例子列表

维基媒体列表条目

斯蒂格勒定律(英語:Stigler's law),又稱名字命名法則。是芝加哥大學一位很有幽默感的統計學家史蒂芬·史蒂格勒提出的一定律,最簡單的說法是「沒有科學的發現是因其原有發現者的名字而命名」,即科學定律最後的命名大多歸功於後來更有名望的科學家。斯蒂格勒自己認為斯蒂格勒定律其實是羅伯特·金·莫頓最先發現,因此「斯蒂格勒定律」本身的命名也符合斯蒂格勒定律。

著名示例包括:

  1. 高斯分佈:最早是由棣莫弗在1718年著作中提出。
  2. 本福特定律:最早是由西蒙·紐康在1881年提出。
  3. 三次方程的卡爾達諾公式:解法的思路來自塔塔利亞。
  4. 歐拉數e:雅各布·伯努利第一個注意到此常數。
  5. RSA加密算法:RSA是1977年由羅納德·李維斯特(Ron Rivest)、阿迪·薩莫爾(Adi Shamir)和倫納德·阿德曼(Leonard Adleman)一起提出的。當時他們三人都在麻省理工學院工作。RSA就是他們三人姓氏開頭字母拼在一起組成的。其實1973年,在英國政府通訊總部工作的數學家克利福德·柯克斯(英語:)在一個內部文件中就提出了一個相同的算法,但他的發現被列入機密,一直到1997年才被發表。
已隱藏部分未翻譯內容,歡迎參與翻譯

  • The Reynolds number in fluid mechanics was introduced by George Stokes英語Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet, but is named after 奧斯鮑恩·雷諾, who popularized its use.
  • Richards equation is attributed to Richards in his 1931 publication, but was earlier introduced by Richardson in 1922 in his book "Weather prediction by numerical process." (Cambridge University press. p. 262) as pointed out by John Knight and Peter Raats in "The contributions of Lewis Fry Richardson to drainage theory, soil physics, and the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum" EGU General Assembly 2016.

參見

編輯

參考

編輯
  1. ^ Bessemer process. Encyclopædia Britannica 2: 168. 2005. 
  2. ^ Kelly, William. Encyclopædia Britannica 6: 791. 2005. 
  3. ^ H. Bethe, E. Salpeter. A Relativistic Equation for Bound-State Problems. Physical Review. 1951, 84 (6): 1232. Bibcode:1951PhRv...84.1232S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.84.1232. 
  4. ^ Y. Nambu. Force Potentials in Quantum Field Theory. Progress of Theoretical Physics英語Progress of Theoretical Physics. 1950, 5 (4): 614. doi:10.1143/PTP.5.614 . 
  5. ^ Bonferroni, C. E., Teoria statistica delle classi e calcolo delle probabilità, Pubblicazioni del R Istituto Superiore di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali di Firenze 1936
  6. ^ Dunn, Olive Jean. Estimation of the Means for Dependent Variables. Annals of Mathematical Statistics英語Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 1958, 29 (4): 1095–1111. JSTOR 2237135. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177706374 . 
  7. ^ Dunn, Olive Jean. Multiple Comparisons Among Means (PDF). Journal of the American Statistical Association英語Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1961, 56 (293): 52–64 [2022-09-23]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.309.1277 . doi:10.1080/01621459.1961.10482090. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-09-26). 
  8. ^ Heath, I. "Unacceptable File Operations in a Relational Database." Proc. 1971 ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description, Access, and Control, San Diego, California (November 11–12, 1971).
  9. ^ Date, C.J. Database in Depth: Relational Theory for Practitioners. O'Reilly (2005), p. 142.
  10. ^ Lemmermeyer, F. Václav Šimerka: quadratic forms and factorization. LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics. 2013, 16: 118–129. doi:10.1112/S1461157013000065 . 
  11. ^ Scipione Ferro | Italian mathematician. [2022-09-23]. (原始內容存檔於2022-09-28). 
  12. ^ J. Stillwell, Mathematics and Its History, 3rd Ed, Springer,2010
  13. ^ André Baranne and Françoise Launay, Cassegrain: a famous unknown of instrumental astronomy頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Journal of Optics, 1997, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 158-172(15)
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Stargazer, the Life and Times of the Telescope, by Fred Watson, p. 134
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Stargazer, p. 115.
  16. ^ Mercer, Christia. Opinion | Descartes is Not Our Father. The New York Times. 25 September 2017 [2022-09-23]. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-21). 
  17. ^ Chernoff, Herman. A career in statistics (PDF). Lin, Xihong; Genest, Christian; Banks, David L.; Molenberghs, Geert; Scott, David W.; Wang, Jane-Ling (編). Past, Present, and Future of Statistics. CRC Press. 2014: 35 [2022-09-23]. ISBN 9781482204964. (原始內容存檔於2015-02-21). 
  18. ^ Grimmett, Geoffrey. Random‑Cluster Measures. The Random‑Cluster Model. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften (Springer). 2006, 333: 6. ISBN 978-3-540-32891-9. ISSN 0072-7830. LCCN 2006925087. OCLC 262691034. OL 4105561W. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-32891-9_1. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-02-13). There is a critical temperature for this phenomenon, often called the Curie point after Pierre Curie, who reported this discovery in his 1895 thesis ... In an example of Stigler’s Law ... the existence of such a temperature was discovered before 1832 by [Claude] Pouillet.... 
  19. ^ Lagrange, Joseph-Louis. Sur l'attraction des sphéroïdes elliptiques. Mémoires de l'Académie de Berlin. 1773: 125 (法語). 
  20. ^ Duhem, Pierre. Leçons sur l'électricité et le magnétisme. Paris Gauthier-Villars. 1891. vol. 1, ch. 4, p. 22–23 (法語).  shows that Lagrange has priority over Gauss. Others after Gauss discovered "Gauss' Law", too.
  21. ^ Heath, Thomas. A History of Greek Mathematics Volume II From Aristarchus to Dipohantus. Dover Books. 1921: 323. ISBN 0-486-24074-6. 
  22. ^ Hodrick, Robert, and Edward C. Prescott (1997), "Postwar U.S. Business Cycles: An Empirical Investigation,"頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 29 (1), 1–16.
  23. ^ Whittaker, E. T. (1923): On a new method of graduation, Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Association, 78, 81–89 – as quoted in Philips 2010頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  24. ^ E.B.Saff and A.D. Snider, Fundamentals of Complex Analysis, 3rd Ed. Prentice Hall, 2003
  25. ^ Cf. Clifford A. Pickover, De Arquímides a Hawking,p. 137
  26. ^ PhD-Design Discussion List, 7 January 2013, https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/webadmin?A2=ind1301&L=phd-design&D=0&P=11022頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  27. ^ [Analyse Mathematique. Sure Les Probabilties des Erreurs de Situation d'un Point Mem. Acad. Roy. Sei. Inst. France, Sci. Math, et Phys., t. 9, p. 255-332. 1846]
  28. ^ [Wright, S., 1921. Correlation and causation. Journal of agricultural research, 20(7), pp.557-585]
  29. ^ Physics, Robert Resnick英語Robert Resnick, David Halliday英語David Halliday (physicist), Kenneth S. Krane. volume 4, 4th edition, chapter 46
  30. ^ Parkinson, J, Bedford, DE. Electrocardiographic changes during brief attacks of angina pectoris. Lancet 1931; 1:15.
  31. ^ Brow, GR, Holman, DV. Electrocardiographic study during a paroxysm of angina pectoris. Am Heart J 1933; 9:259.
  32. ^ Prinzmetal, M, Kennamer, R, Merliss, R, et al. A variant form of angina pectoris. Preliminary report. Am Heart J 1959; 27:375.
  33. ^ For example 亨利·杜德耐 noted in his 1917 Amusements in Mathematics solution 129 that 佩爾方程 was called that "apparently because Pell neither first propounded the question nor first solved it!"
  34. ^ Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (1997): The Rainbow of Mathematics, pp. 563–564. New York, W. W. Norton.
  35. ^ Powers, David M W. Applications and explanations of Zipf's law. Joint conference on new methods in language processing and computational natural language learning: Association for Computational Linguistics: 151–160. 1998 [2022-09-23]. (原始內容存檔於2015-09-10).