纖肢龍目
纖肢龍目(學名:Araeoscelidia)是個已滅絕的雙孔類爬蟲類演化支,外表類似蜥蜴。牠們包括纖肢龍、油頁岩蜥、可能水生的齊椎蜥(Spinoaequalis)、還有所知不多的Kadaliosaurus、Zarcasaurus。
纖肢龍目 化石時期:
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油頁岩蜥 | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
綱: | 爬蟲綱 Reptilia |
演化支: | 真爬蟲類 Eureptilia |
演化支: | 盧默龍類 Romeriida |
亞綱: | 雙孔亞綱 Diapsida |
目: | †纖肢龍目 Araeoscelidia Williston, 1913 |
演化支 | |
本演化支被認為是所有後來的雙孔類動物的姐妹演化支。
敘述
編輯纖肢龍目是群小型爬蟲類,身長不超過1公尺。外型類似現代蜥蜴,與現代蜥蜴的親緣關係相當遠。纖肢龍類的四肢、尾巴修長,具有兩個顳顬孔,使牠們不同於其他早期爬蟲類。纖肢龍缺少下顳孔,只有上顳孔,形成類似闊孔亞綱的顱骨。
屬
編輯纖肢龍目的著名屬包含:纖肢龍、油頁岩蜥、齊椎蜥(Spinoaequalis),上述屬已發現較完整的骨骼。Aphelosaurus、Kadaliosaurus只有發現顱後骨骼部分,Zarcasaurus則只有發現一個下頜。
種系發生學
編輯以下演化樹來自於deBraga與Reisz(1995年)、Falconnet與Steyer(2007年)的研究:
雙孔亞綱 |
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地理分佈與地層分佈
編輯纖肢龍類的油頁岩蜥、齊椎蜥(Spinoaequalis)發現於石炭紀晚期的美國。Aphelosaurus生存於二疊紀早期的法國,Kadaliasaurus生存於二疊紀早期的德國,纖肢龍、Dictybolos、Zarcasaurus生存於二疊紀早期的美國。除了纖肢龍目,二疊紀早期的其他雙孔亞綱動物只有兩個屬,生存於德州的Apsisaurus、奧克拉荷馬州的山獵蜥。
參考資料
編輯- Carroll, Robert L. Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. 1988.
- Benton, Michael J. Vertebrate paleontology 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell Science. 2000.
- deBraga, M. & Reisz, R. R. (1995). A new diapsid reptile from the uppermost Carboniferous (Stephanian) of Kansas. Palaeontology 38: 199-212.
- deBraga, M. & Rieppel, O. (1997). Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 281-354.
- Brinkman, D. B., Berman, D. S. & Eberth, D. Z. (1984). A new araeoscelid reptile, Zarcasaurus tandyderus, from the Culter Formation, (Lower Permian) of north-central New Mexico. New Mexico Geology 6 (2): 34-39.
- Credner, H. (1889). Die Stegocephalen und Saurier aus dem Rothliegenden des Plauen’schen Grundes bei Dresden. 8 – Kadaliosaurus priscus Cred. Zeitschrift der deustchen geologischen Gesellschaft 41: 319-342.
- Evans, S. E. (1988). The early history and relationships of the Diapsida. In: M. J. Benton (ed.), The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds. Systematics Association Special Volume 35 A: 221-260. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
- Falconnet, J. & Steyer, J.-S. (2007). Revision, osteology and locomotion of Aphelosaurus, an enigmatic reptile from the Lower Permian of France. Journal of Morphology (abstract of the 8th International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Paris, July 2007): 38.
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- Vaughn, P. P. (1955). The Permian reptile Araeoscelis restudied. Bulletin of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology 113: 305-467.