蟬
蟬科(學名:Cicadidae)是蟬總科下的一科,其下物種通稱為蟬,其特色為雄蟲腹胸交界處有發聲器,收縮振動而產生很大的鳴叫聲,雌蟲則無此器官;成蟲與若蟲均頭寬大於胸寬,且具兩突出的複眼,均吸食植物汁液為生,惟若蟲於地下挖洞穴居,成熟後爬上樹幹羽化,成蟲四翅薄而多為透明。因其鳴叫聲音,又俗稱「知了」,或作:蛭
蟬科 化石時期:古新世晚期至今,
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日本暮蟬(Tanna japonensis) | |
卡氏十七年蟬(Magicicada cassini) | |
科學分類 | |
界: | 動物界 Animalia |
門: | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
綱: | 昆蟲綱 Insecta |
目: | 半翅目 Hemiptera |
亞目: | 頸喙亞目 Auchenorrhyncha |
下目: | 蟬下目 Cicadomorpha |
總科: | 蟬總科 Cicadoidea |
科: | 蟬科 Cicadidae Westwood, 1840 |
亞科[註 1] | |
蟬科廣泛分布於全球溫帶至熱帶地區(已知紀錄約2500種蟬)。一些分布於沙漠地區的種類,當體溫過熱時,會從背板(tergum)排出多餘的水分,進而達到冷卻及散熱的效果(原理與人類流汗類似)。[2][3]
名稱
編輯漢字中「蟬」最早出現於商代至西周間,構造上屬於形聲字。形符「虫」為「蟲」的古字,在當時是對動物的泛稱(五蟲);而聲符「單」亦兼表字義,帶有「發出聲響」的意涵。
古人對蟬的稱呼有:蜩[註 2][註 3]、螗[註 4](較小的蟬)[4][5]、蜺[註 5](寒蟬)、𧔢[6][註 6]、䗃[註 7]、䗁[註 8]、蝒[註 9](聲響的大黑蟬)、螓[註 10](方頭廣額的小蟬)、蠽[註 11]、五色、日暮、丕蜩、茅蜩、秋蜩、蚱蟬(同蝒)[7]、寒蜩[註 12]、寒螿[註 13]、蜋蜩[註 14]、蜻蜻、蜓蛛、蜩螗[8]、螗蜩(不同於蜩螗,為一種小蟬)[9][10]、蟪蛄、螗蛦[註 15]、馬蜩、蛁蟟[註 16][11]、螇螰[註 17][11]、蝭蟧[註 18][12][13]。
蟬的英語 cicada 源自拉丁語,意指「棲息於樹上,像蟋蟀一樣會鳴叫的」;但英語有時稱蟬為 locust[14],儘管與蝗蟲沒有確切關係。希臘語為 τέττῑξ / téttīx (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) 或 τζίτζικας / tzítzikas (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館),兩者皆為擬聲詞,即模仿蟬的鳴聲。
特徵
編輯大多數蟬的體型通常不大,成蟲體長多在2至5公分(0.79至1.97英寸)之間,少數種類,例如世界最大的帝王蟬(Megapomponia imperatoria)翼展就達20公分(7.9英寸),體長約7公分(2.8英寸)[15][16];同樣棲息於南亞地區的一種大型蟬(Tacua speciosa,有「青襟油蟬」或「婆羅洲巨蟬」等名稱)翼展也有18公分(7.1英寸),其體長則約4至5公分(1.6至2.0英寸)[17]。蟬的外骨骼很堅硬,雙翅相當發達,多為透明或半透明(雙翅完全不透明的種類通常翅面顏色較為鮮明,且多分布於靠近熱帶的地區),上面有明顯的翅脈。
一般來說,蟬的頭部寬而短,具有明顯突出的額唇基(clypeus)。觸角短,呈鬚狀。口器細長,口器內有食道與唾液管,屬於刺吸式。胸部則包括前胸、中胸及後胸,其中前胸和中胸較長。3個胸部都具有一對足,腿節粗壯發達(若蟲前腳用來挖掘,腿節膨大,帶刺)。
蟬的腹部呈長錐形,總共有10個腹節,第9腹節成為尾節。雄蟬第1、第2腹節具發音器,第10腹節形成肛門;雌蟬第10腹節形成產卵管,且較為膨大。
眼睛
編輯蟬的視力相當良好,有五隻眼睛,包括兩隻複眼和三隻單眼。複眼突出,位於頭部兩側且分得很開。
發聲
編輯雄性蟬身體兩側有能夠發出很大聲響的發聲構造(也稱為「鼓室」),主要包括背瓣、腹瓣、鼓膜、發音肌(鼓膜肌)、腱盤、腱突起、腹面調節肌、鏡膜、褶膜(摺膜)、第三氣門、共鳴室(氣室)等。為了發音,牠們常趴在樹幹上,向前或左右扭動腹部來調節發出的聲響;而發出來的響聲常被稱為蟬的「歌聲」,與一般以摩擦方式發聲的昆蟲(如蟋蟀)不同。雌蟬沒有發聲器。
習性
編輯生活史
編輯週期蟬
編輯比較著名的蟬是「十七年蟬」或週期蟬(Magicicada)。原產於美國東部地區,這些蟬的若蟲在地下蟄伏十三或十七年,然後破土而出。
根據牠們出現的年份,週期蟬被分為30個「群」。群1號到17號是十七年蟬,群18號到30號是十三年蟬。一些群並不存在,但為了方便起見而保留。群4號已於西元2003年出現。而下一次的十三年蟬為將於西元2011年出現的群19號。群10號,一種十七年蟬,已經出現於西元2004年5月的紐澤西州和北卡羅萊納州。
分類學
編輯狹義的蟬僅侷限於蟬科的昆蟲[18][19],廣義的蟬則指蟬總科的所有昆蟲(蟬總科有兩個科:蟬科與螽蟬科 Tettigarctidae);此外,不只蟬總科的昆蟲,整個蟬下目的昆蟲都被冠上蟬的名字,分類如下(參見蟬下目)[20]:
- 蟬下目 Cicadomorpha(Clypeorrhyncha, Clypeata)
- 蟬總科 Cicadoidea
- 蟬科 Cicadidae[1] (Platypediidae, Plautillidae, Tettigadidae, Tibicinidae)
- 螽蟬科 Tettigarctidae[1]
- 沫蟬總科 Cercopoidea
- 角蟬總科 Membracoidea:舊作葉蟬總科 Cicadelloidea
- † 古蟬總科 Palaeontinoidea
- 蟬總科 Cicadoidea
而蟬科的組成如下:
- 蟬科
- 蟬族 Cicadini
屬
編輯- Abagazara Distant, 1905
- Abricta Stål, 1866
- Abroma Stål, 1866
- Acanthoventris Ruschel, 2023
- Aceropyga Duffels, 1977
- Acuticephala Torres, 1958
- Acyroneura Torres, 1958
- Adelia Moulds, 2012
- Adeniana Distant, 1906
- Adusella Haupt, 1918
- Aedeastria Boer, 1990
- Aestuansella Boulard, 1981
- Aetanna Lee, 2014
- Afromelampsalta Sanborn & Villet, 2020
- Afzeliada Boulard, 1972
- Ahomana Distant, 1905
- Akamba Distant, 1905
- Alarcta Torres, 1958
- Albanycada Villet, 1989
- Aleeta Moulds, 2003
- Allobroma Duffels, 2011
- Ambragaeana Chou & Yao, 1985
- Amphipsalta Flemming, 1969
- Anapsaltoda Ashton, 1921
- Angamiana Distant, 1890
- Anopercalna Boulard, 2008
- Anopercalnina Boulard, 2008
- Antankaria Distant, 1904
- Aragualna Champanhet, Boulard & Gaiani, 2000
- Arcystasia Distant, 1882
- Arenopsaltria Ashton, 1921
- Arfaka Distant, 1905
- Ariasa Distant, 1905
- Arunta Distant, 1904
- Atrapsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Attenuella Boulard, 1973
- Auritibicen Lee, 2015
- Auscala Moulds, 2012
- Auta Distant, 1897
- Ayesha Distant, 1905
- Ayuthia Distant, 1919
- Babras Jacobi, 1907
- Baeturia Stål, 1866
- Bafutalna Boulard, 1993
- Balinta Distant, 1905
- Basa Distant, 1905
- Bavea Distant, 1905
- Beameria Davis, 1934
- Becquartina Kato, 1940
- Becquartinaria Boulard, 2005
- Berberigetta Costa, Nunes, Marabuto, Mendes & Simões, 2017
- Bergalna Boulard & Martinelli, 1996
- Bijaurana Distant, 1912
- Birrima Distant, 1906
- Bispinalta Delorme, 2017
- Biura Lee & Sanborn, 2015
- Borencona Davis, 1928
- Brachylobopyga Duffels, 1982
- Brevialavenosa Sanborn, 2021
- Brevisiana Boulard, 1972
- Brevitanna Lee, 2022
- Burbunga Distant, 1905
- Burbungoides Moulds, Frese & McCurry, 2022
- Burmacicada Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012
- Burmacicada protera Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012[21]
- Buyisa Distant, 1907
- Cabecita Lee, 2014
- Cacama Distant, 1904
- Cacamam
- Calcagninus Distant, 1892
- Caledopsalta Delorme, 2018
- Caliginopsalta Ewart, 2005
- Calipsalta Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Calliopsida Torres, 1958
- Callogaeana Chou & Yao, 1985
- Calopsaltria Stål, 1861
- Calyria Stål, 1862
- Camuracicada Moulds, 2018
- Cantata Lee & Pham, 2021
- Canualna Boulard, 1985
- Capcicada Villet, 1989
- Carineta Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Cephalalna Boulard, 2006
- Chalumalna Boulard, 2001
- Champaka Distant, 1905
- Chelapsalta Moulds, 2012
- Chilecicada Sanborn, 2014
- Chinaria Davis, 1934
- Chlorocysta Westwood, 1851
- Chloropsalta Haupt, 1920
- Chonosia Distant, 1905
- Chremistica Stål, 1870
- Chrysocicada Boulard, 1989
- Chrysolasia Moulds, 2003
- Cicada Linnaeus, 1758
- Cicadatra Kolenati, 1857
- Cicadatrini Distant, 1905
- Cicadetta Kolenati, 1857
- Cicadettana Marshall & Hil, 2017
- Cicadmalleus Boulard & Puissant, 2013
- Citroriginis Sanborn, 2021
- Clidophleps Van Duzee, 1915
- Clinata Moulds, 2012
- Clinopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Coata Distant, 1906
- Cochleopsaltria Pham & Constant, 2017
- Conibosa Distant, 1905
- Cornuplura Davis, 1944
- Cosmopsaltria Stål, 1866
- Cracenpsaltria Sanborn, 2016
- Crassisternalna Boulard, 1980
- Crassopsaltria Boulard, 2008
- Crotopsalta Ewart, 2005
- 熊蟬屬 Cryptotympana Stål, 1861
- Curvicicada Chou & Lu, 1997
- Cyclochila Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Cylochila
- Cystopsaltria Goding & Froggatt, 1904
- Cystosoma Westwood, 1842
- Davispia Cooper, 1941
- Daza Distant, 1905
- Dazollina Sanborn, 2018
- Decebalus Distant, 1920
- Deremeces Sanborn, 2021
- Derotettix Berg, 1882
- Diceroprocta Stål, 1870
- Diceropyga Stål, 1870
- Diemeniana Distant, 1906
- Dilobopyga Duffels, 1977
- Dimissalna Boulard, 2007
- Dinarobia Mamet, 1957
- Dipsopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Distantada Orian, 1963
- Distantalna Boulard, 2009
- Dominicicada Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012
- Dominicicada youngi Poinar Jr. & Kritsky, 2012[21]
- Dorachosa Distant, 1892
- Dorisiana Metcalf, 1952
- Drymopsalta Ewart, 2005
- Duffelsa Wang, Jiang & Wei, 2023
- Dulderana Distant, 1905
- Dundubia Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Durangona Distant, 1911
- Dyticodopoea Sanborn, 2020
- Dyticopycna Sanborn, 2020
- Elachysoma Torres, 1964
- Elassoneura Torres, 1964
- Emathia Stål, 1866
- Eopycna Sanborn, 2020
- Epora Stål, 1866
- Erempsalta Moulds, 2012
- Esada Boulard, 1973
- Euboeana Gogala, Trilar & Drosopoulos, 2011
- Euryphara Horváth, 1912
- 姬春蟬屬 Euterpnosia Matsumura, 1917
- Euthemopsaltria Moulds, 2014
- Ewartia Moulds, 2012
- Falcatpsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Feoichnus Krause, Bown, Bellosi & Genise, 2008
- Fidicina Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Fidicinoides Boulard & Martinelli, 1996
- Fijipsalta Duffels, 1988
- Fonsecacicada Martins-Neto & Mendes, 2002
- 虎翅蟬屬 Formocicada Lee & Hayashi, 2004
- Formosemia Matsumura, 1917
- Formotosena Kato, 1925
- Fractuosella Boulard, 1979
- Froggattoides Distant, 1910
- Gaeana Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Gagatopsalta Ewart, 2005
- Galanga Moulds, 2012
- Galgoria Lee, 2016
- Gazuma Distant, 1905
- Gelidea Moulds, 2012
- Germalna Delorme, 2018
- Ggomapsalta Lee, 2009
- Gibbocicada Ruschel, 2018
- Glaucopsaltria Goding & Froggatt, 1904
- Graminitigrina Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina aurora Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
- Graminitigrina bolloni Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina bowensis Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina carnarvonensis Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina einasleighi Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
- Graminitigrina flindensis Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
- Graminitigrina karumbae Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina selwynensis Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017
- Graminitigrina triodiae Ewart & Marques, 2008
- Graminitigrina uluruensis Ewart, Popple & Hill, 2017[22]
- Graptopsaltria Motschulsky, 1866
- Graptopsaltria Stål, 1866
- Graptotettix Stål, 1866
- Guaranisaria Distant, 1905
- Gudanga Distant, 1905
- Guineapsaltria Boer, 1993
- Guyalna Boulard & Martinelli, 1996
- Gymnotympana Stål, 1861
- Hadoa Moulds, 2015
- Haemopsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Hainanosemia Kato, 1927
- Hamza Distant, 1904
- Haphsa Distant, 1905
- 碧蟬屬 Hea Distant, 1906
- Heliopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Hemidictya Burmeister, 1835
- Hemisciera Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Henicopsaltria Stål, 1866
- Henicotettix Stål, 1858
- Heremusina Ewart, 2018
- Herrera Distant, 1905
- Heteropsaltria Jacobi, 1902
- Hilaphura Webb, 1979
- Hovana Distant, 1905
- Huechys Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Hyalessa China, 1925
- Hyantia Stål, 1866
- Hylora Boulard, 1971
- Illyria Moulds, 1985
- Imbabura Distant, 1911
- Inflatopyga Duffels, 1997
- Ingcainyenzane Sanborn & Villet, 2020
- Inthaxara Distant, 1913
- Ioba Distant, 1904
- Iruana Distant, 1905
- Jacatra Distant, 1905
- Jafuna Distant, 1912
- Jassopsaltria Ashton, 1914
- Juanaria Distant, 1920
- Kageralna Boulard, 2012
- Kalabita Moulton, 1923
- Kalarko Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Kamalata Distant, 1889
- Kanakia Distant, 1892
- Kaphsa Lee, 2012
- Karenia Distant, 1888
- Karscheliana Boulard, 1990
- Katoa Ôuchi, 1938
- Khimbya Distant, 1905
- Kikihia Dugdale, 1972
- Kimberpsaltria Moulds, Marshall & Popple, 2021
- Kintusamo Szwedo, 2019
- Klapperichicen Dlabola, 1957
- Kobonga Distant, 1906
- Koma Distant, 1904
- Kongota Distant, 1904
- Koranna Distant, 1905
- Kosemia Matsumura, 1927
- Kumanga Distant, 1905
- Lacetas Karsch, 1890
- Lahugada Distant, 1905
- Lamotialna Boulard, 1976
- Laopsaltria Moulds, Frese & McCurry, 2022
- Lembeja Distant, 1892
- Lemuriana Distant, 1905
- Leptopsaltria Stål, 1866
- Leptosemia Matsumura, 1917
- Lethama Distant, 1905
- Ligymolpa Karsch, 1890
- Limnopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Linguacicada Chou & Lu, 1997
- Lithocicada Cockerell, 1906
- Luangwana Distant, 1914
- Lycurgus China, 1925
- Lyristes Horváth, 1926
- 大蟬屬 Macrosemia Kato, 1925
- Macrotristria Stål, 1870
- 週期蟬 Magicicada Davis, 1925
- Majeorona Distant, 1905
- Malagasia Distant, 1882
- Malgachialna Boulard, 1980
- Malgotilia Boulard, 1980
- Malloryalna Sanborn, 2016
- Manna Lee & Emery, 2013
- Maoricicada Dugdale, 1972
- Mapondera Distant, 1905
- Mariekea Jong & Boer, 2004
- Maroboduus Distant, 1920
- Marteena Moulds, 1986
- Masamia Lee & Emery, 2013
- Masupha Distant, 1892
- Mata Distant, 1906
- Maua Distant, 1905
- Megapomponia Boulard, 2005
- Megatibicen Sanborn & Heath, 2016
- Meimuna Distant, 1905
- Melampsalta Amyot, 1847
- Melampsalta Kolenati, 1857
- Melanesiana Delorme, 2017
- Mendozana Distant, 1906
- Minilomia Lee, 2013
- Minipomponia Boulard, 2008
- Miniterpnosia Lee, 2013
- Minyscapheus Poinar Jr., Kritsky & Brown, 2012
- Minyscapheus dominicanus Poinar Jr., Kritsky & Brown, 2012[23]
- Miocenoprasia Boulard & Riou, 1999
- Mirabilopsaltria Boer, 1996
- Miranha Distant, 1905
- Moana Myers, 1928
- Mogannia Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Monomatapa Distant, 1897
- Mosaica Lee & Emery, 2013
- Mouia Distant, 1920
- Mouldspsaltria Sanborn, 2021
- Muansa Distant, 1904
- Muda Distant, 1897
- Mugadina Moulds, 2012
- Munza Distant, 1904
- Mura Distant, 1905
- Muraoides Sanborn, 2018
- Murmurillana Delorme, 2016
- Murphyalna Boulard, 2012
- Musimoia China, 1929
- Musoda Karsch, 1890
- Myersalna Boulard, 1988
- Myopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Nabalua Moulton, 1923
- Nablistes Karsch, 1891
- Nanopsalta Moulds, 2012
- Nelbroma Sanborn, 2021
- Nelcyndana Distant, 1906
- Neocicada Kato, 1932
- Neomuda Distant, 1920
- Neoncotympana Lee, 2011
- Neoplatypedia Davis, 1920
- Neopsaltoda Distant, 1910
- Neopunia Moulds, 2012
- Neopurana Lee & Marshall, 2023
- Neoterpnosia Lee & Emery, 2014
- Neotibicen Hill & Moulds, 2015
- Nggeliana Boulard, 1979
- Nigripsaltria Boer, 1999
- Noongara Moulds, 2012
- Nosoarna Ruschel & Sanborn, 2021
- Nosola Stål, 1866
- Notopsalta Dugdale, 1972
- Novemcella Goding, 1925
- Nyara Villet, 1999
- Odopoea Stål, 1861
- Okanagana Distant, 1905
- Okanagodes Davis, 1919
- Oligoglena Horváth, 1912
- Ollanta Distant, 1905
- 蛁蟟屬 Oncotympana Stål, 1870
- Onomacritus Distant, 1912
- Onoralna Boulard, 1996
- Orapa Distant, 1905
- Orellana Distant, 1905
- Orialella Metcalf, 1952
- Orientafroinsularis Sanborn, 2021
- Orientopsaltria Kato, 1944
- Oudeboschia Distant, 1920
- Oudeboshia Distant, 1920
- Owra Ashton, 1912
- Oxypleura Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Pacarina Distant, 1905
- Pachypsaltria Stål, 1861
- Paectira Karsch, 1890
- Pagiphora Horváth, 1912
- Paharia Distant, 1905
- Pakidetta Sanborn & Ahmed, 2017
- Palapsalta Moulds, 2012
- Paleopsalta Moulds, 2018
- Panialna Delorme, 2016
- Panka Distant, 1905
- Papuapsaltria Boer, 1995
- Paracicadetta Boulard & Nel, 1990
- Paradina Moulds, 2012
- Paranistria Metcalf, 1952
- Paranosia Lee, 2014
- Paratalainga He, 1984
- Paratanna Lee, 2012
- Parnisa Stål, 1862
- Parnkalla Distant, 1905
- Parnquila Moulds, 2012
- Parvittya Distant, 1905
- Parvopsalta Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Paulaudalna Delorme, 2017
- Pauropsalta Goding & Froggatt, 1904
- Pedana Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Pegapsaltria Moulds & Marshall, 2022
- Pericallea Moulds, Marshall & Hutchinson, 2022
- Philipsalta Lee, Marshall & Hill, 2016
- Physeema Moulds, 2012
- Pictila Moulds, 2012
- Pinheya Dlabola, 1965
- Pipilopsalta Ewart, 2005
- Platylomia Stål, 1870
- Platypedia Uhler, 1888
- 蟪蛄屬 Platypleura Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Platypsalta Moulds, 2012
- Plautilla Stål, 1865
- Plerapsalta Moulds, 2012
- Polyneura Westwood, 1840
- Pompanonia Boulard, 1982
- Pomponia Stål, 1866
- Popplepsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Poviliana Boulard, 1997
- Prasia Stål, 1863
- Prasinosoma Torres, 1963
- Proarna Stål, 1864
- Procollina Metcalf, 1952
- Prosotettix Jacobi, 1907
- Prunasis Stål, 1862
- Psallodia Uhler, 1903
- Psalmocharias Kirkaldy, 1908
- Psaltoda Stål, 1861
- Psephenotettix Torres, 1958
- Pseudokanakia Delorme, 2016
- Pseudotettigetta Puissant, 2010
- Psilotympana Stål, 1861
- Psithyristria Stål, 1870
- Punia Moulds, 2012
- Purana Distant, 1905
- Puranoides Moulton, 1917
- Pycna Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Pygmaeodopoea Sanborn, 2020
- Pyropsalta Moulds, 2012
- Quesada Distant, 1905
- Quintilia Stål, 1866
- Qurana Lee, 2009
- Raiateana Boulard, 1979
- Relictapsalta Owen & Moulds, 2016
- Rhadinopyga Duffels, 1985
- Rhaeboepelis Ruschel & Sanborn, 2021
- Rhinopsalta Melichar, 1908
- Rhodopsalta Dugdale, 1972
- Rouxalna Boulard, 1999
- Rustia Stål, 1866
- Sadaka Distant, 1904
- Sahyaterpnosia Sadasivan & Sarkar, 2023
- Sahyaterpnosia laevospina Sadasivan & Sarkar, 2023[24]
- Salvazana Distant, 1913
- Samaecicada Popple & Emery, 2010
- Sapantanga Distant, 1905
- Sapantanga Ruschel & Campos, 2019
- Saticula Stål, 1866
- Scieroptera Stål, 1866
- Scolopita Chou & Lei, 1997
- Scottotympana Boer, 1991
- Sechellalna Boulard, 2010
- Selymbria Stål, 1861
- Semia Matsumura, 1917
- Severiana Boulard, 1972
- Shaoshia Wei, Ahmed & Rizvi, 2010
- Simona Moulds, 2012
- Sinapsaltria Kato, 1940
- Sinocicadoprosbole Mi, Zhang & Sun, 1993
- Songga Lee, 2016
- Soudaniella Boulard, 1972
- Spoerryana Boulard, 1974
- Stagea Villet, 1994
- Stagira Stål, 1861
- Stellenboschia Distant, 1920
- Strepuntalna Delorme, 2017
- Strumosella Boulard, 1973
- Strumoseura Villet, 1999
- Subpsaltria Chen, 1943
- Subtibicina Lee, 2012
- Suisha Kato, 1928
- Sulphogaeana Chou & Yao, 1985
- Sundabroma Duffels, 2011
- Sylphoides Moulds, 2012
- Tacua Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Taipinga Distant, 1905
- 暗蟬屬 Taiwanosemia Matsumura, 1917
- Takapsalta Matsumura, 1927
- 紅眼蟬屬 Talainga Distant, 1890
- Talcopsaltria Moulds, 2008
- Tamasa Distant, 1905
- Tanna Distant, 1905
- Tanyocicada Moulds, 2020
- Taona Distant, 1909
- Taphura Stål, 1862
- Taungia Ollenbach, 1928
- Taurella Moulds, 2012
- Telmapsalta Moulds, 2012
- Terepsalta Moulds, 2012
- Terpnosia Distant, 1892
- Tettigades Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Tettigetta Kolenati, 1857
- Tettigettacula Puissant, 2010
- Tettigettalna Puissant, 2010
- Tettigettula Puissant, 2010
- Tettigomyia Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Tettigotoma Torres, 1942
- Thaumastopsaltria Kirkaldy, 1900
- Thopha Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Tibeta Lei & Chou, 1997
- Tibicina Kolenati, 1857
- Tibicinoides Distant, 1914
- Timbaltransversa Sanborn, 2021
- Tithopsaltria Moulds, Frese & McCurry, 2022
- Torrescada Sanborn & Heath, 2017
- Tosena Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Toseria
- Toulgoetalna Boulard, 1982
- Toxala Moulds, 2012
- Toxopeusella Schmidt, 1926
- Trengganua Moulton, 1923
- Triglena Fieber, 1875
- Trismarcha Karsch, 1891
- Tryella Moulds, 2003
- Tymocicada Becker-Migdisova, 1954
- Tympanistalna Boulard, 1982
- Tympanoterpes Stål, 1861
- Ueana Distant, 1905
- Ugada Distant, 1904
- Uhleroides Distant, 1912
- Umjaba Distant, 1904
- Unduncus Duffels, 2011
- Unipomponia Lee, 2014
- Urabunana Distant, 1905
- Uradolichos Moulds, 2012
- Vagitanus Distant, 1918
- Vastarena Delorme, 2016
- Venustria Goding & Froggatt, 1904
- Versicolora Wei, Wang, Hayashi, He & Pham, 2020
- Vietanna Lee & Pham, 2021
- Viettealna Boulard, 1980
- Vittagaeana Hill et al., 2021
- Vittagaeana Moulds, Sarkar, Lee & Marshall, 2021
- Xeropsalta Ewart, 2018
- Xosopsaltria Kirkaldy, 1904
- Xossarella Boulard, 1980
- Yanga Distant, 1904
- Yezoterpnosia Matsumura, 1917
- Yoyetta Moulds, 2012
- Zammara Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Zammaralna Boulard & Sueur, 1996
- Zaphsa Lee & Emery, 2014
- Zouga Distant, 1906
圖集
編輯-
畫家筆下的蟬
-
蟬若蟲的殼
-
蟬
-
羽化中
-
待蟬蛻
其它
編輯食用
編輯在中國,蟬的剛出土的若蟲,稱知了猴、知了龜、蟬牛、蟬猴等,被視為一種食材,油炸、蒸煮或燒烤後可以食用。活的或醃漬後的蟬若蟲也會在市面上銷售。[25]但因富含異體蛋白,過敏體質者應謹慎食用。[26]
醫藥
編輯蟬若蟲的殼—「蟬蛻」,是一種中藥材[註 19]。此外,卵、若蟲、成蟲等遭受如真菌等微生物寄生,將產生「蟬花」,原理可以以冬蟲夏草的方式思維,只是它們應用上的藥效卻大不相同。[27]。
遭寄生
編輯參考來源
編輯- 書目
- Allen F. Sanborn. Catalogue of the Cicadoidea (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Elsevier. 31 October 2013: 1002頁 [2013]. ISBN 978-0-12-416638-7 (英語).
- 陳振祥. 張蕙芬 , 編. 《台灣賞蟬圖鑑》(A field guide of cicadas in Taiwan). 臺北市: 天下遠見出版. 2007-06-29 [2007]. ISBN 978-986-417-958-9 (中文).(繁體中文)
- Masayo Katō. Cicadidae: (Insecta). Biogeographical Society of Japan, National Science Museum. 1961.
- 引用
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 陳振祥 2007,第38-39頁
- ^ Neil F. Hadley, Michael C. Quinlan & Michael L. Kennedy. "Evaporative cooling in the desert cicada: thermal efficiency and water / metabolic costs" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 1991, 159: 269–283 [2014-03-12]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-11-17).
- ^ Toolson, Eric C. "Water Profligacy as an Adaptation to Hot Deserts: Water Loss Rates and Evaporative Cooling in the Sonoran Desert Cicada, Diceroprocta apache(Homoptera: Cicadidae)". Physiological Zoology. 1987, 60 (4): 379–385.
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-19).
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-18).
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-18).
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-18).
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-18).
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-21).
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-18).
- ^ 11.0 11.1 說文解字.
- ^ 存档副本. [2022-10-18]. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-18).
- ^ https://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/variants/rbt/word_attribute.rbt?educode=B04330
- ^ Milne, Lorus; Milne, Margery. North American Insects & Spiders. Knopf Publishing. 1980. ISBN 0-394-50763-0.
- ^ Rainer Flindt. Amazing Numbers in Biology. 2006: p.10. ISBN 978-3540301462.
- ^ Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert. International Wildlife Encyclopedia. 4, Chickaree - crabs 3rd. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 2002: 455. ISBN 0-7614-7270-3.
- ^ W. L. Distant. A Monograph of Oriental Cicadidae. London, West. 1892.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Sanborn 2013
- ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Masayo Katō 1961
- ^ C. H. Dietrich. Resh, V. H. & Carde, R. T. , 編. Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press. 2003. ISBN 0123741440 (英語).
- ^ 21.0 21.1 George Poinar Jr.,Gene Kritsky.Morphological conservatism in the foreleg structure of cicada hatchlings, Burmacicada protera n. gen., n. sp. in Burmese amber, Dominicicada youngi n. gen., n. sp. in Dominican amber and the extant Magicicada septendecim (L.) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)[J].Historical Biology: an international journal of paleobiology,2012,25(5)
- ^ A. Ewart, L.W. Popple and K.B.R Hill. 2017. Five New Species of Grass Cicadas in the Genus Graminitigrina (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Cicadettini) from Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia: Comparative Morphology, Songs, Behaviour and Distributions. Zootaxa. 4228(1); 1–62. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4228.1.1
- ^ George Poinar Jr,Gene Kritsky,Alex Brown.Minyscapheus dominicanus n. gen., n. sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), a fossil cicada in Dominican amber[J].Historical Biology: an international journal of paleobiology,2012,24(3)
- ^ Kalesh Sadasivan and Vivek Sarkar. 2023. A New Genus and Species of Leptopsaltriini (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from the Agasthyamalais of the Western Ghats in Peninsular India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 16(2); 163-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2023.03.009
- ^ 丹治翔. 請勿抓幼蟬來「吃」 公園告示板引發網路討論. 朝日新聞. 2018-08-21 [2018-08-21]. (原始內容存檔於2020-04-17).
- ^ 过敏性体质慎吃知了猴. 網易. 京華時報. [2019-02-23]. (原始內容存檔於2019-02-23).
- ^ 陳振祥 2007,第36頁
- ^ 台灣蛾訊, 張貼者:. 臺灣蛾訊 MOTHS of Taiwan. [2017-05-28]. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-15).
- ^ 張保信。1989。《臺灣蛾類圖說(一) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)》。臺灣省立博物館。
- ^ 陳振祥 2007,第35頁
註釋
編輯- ^ 除以上介紹的亞科外,還有許多分類未定的亞科,包括翅蟬亞科(Platypediinae)、齒蟬亞科(Ydiellinae)、胸蟬亞科(Plautillinae)等[1]
- ^ 「蜩」與「條」同音
- ^ 宋本《廣韻·下平聲·蕭·迢》蜩:大蟬。《大雅》如蜩如螗。《傳》蜩,蟬也。螗,蝘也。《疏》《釋蟲》云:蜩、蜋、蜩、螗,舍人曰:皆蟬也。《爾雅·釋蟲》蜩,蜋蜩。《說苑·雜言》記載《詩》云:『苑彼柳斯,鳴蜩嚖嚖。』《詩經·豳風·七月》:「四月秀葽,五月鳴蜩。」《莊子·逍遙遊》:「蜩與學鳩笑之曰:『我決起而飛,搶榆枋時則不至,而控於地而已矣。』」
- ^ 「螗」與「唐」同音
- ^ 「蜺」與「泥」同音
- ^ 「𧔢」與「錢」同音
- ^ 「䗃」與「棧」同音
- ^ 「䗁」與「繼」同音
- ^ 「蝒」與「棉」同音
- ^ 「螓」與「秦」同音
- ^ 「蠽」與「節」同音,一種小型蟬
- ^ 「寒蜩」同「寒螿」,屬一種寒蟬,較小型,體色青赤
- ^ 「螿」與「江」同音;寒螿,即寒蜩
- ^ 「蜋」與「郎」同音
- ^ 「蛦」與「夷」同音
- ^ 與「刁遼」同音
- ^ 與「奚鹿」同音
- ^ 與「蹄牢」同音
- ^ 蟬殼、蟬衣,蟬自蛹狀若蟲化為成蟲時所脫下的殼,李時珍《本草綱目》 虫部
相關
編輯大眾文化
編輯外部連結
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- 週期蟬 - 維吉尼亞理工 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)(英文)
- 週期蟬群5號 - 美國農業部 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)(英文)
- 蟬的圖片 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)(英文)
- 白水大荔嚴打果林地養知了行為 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
延伸閱讀
編輯[編]