分枝杆菌属
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分枝杆菌屬(学名:Mycobacterium)為放线菌门的一屬细菌,且為分枝桿菌科唯一的屬。为形状不规则的革兰氏阳性杆菌,不能游动,通常抗酸,无气生菌丝和孢子。
分枝杆菌属![]() | |
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結核分枝桿菌 | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
域: | 细菌域 Bacteria |
界: | 细菌界 Bacteria |
门: | 放線菌門 Actinomycetota |
纲: | 放線菌綱 Actinomycetes |
目: | 分枝杆菌目 Mycobacteriales |
科: | 分枝杆菌科 Mycobacteriaceae |
属: | 分枝杆菌属 Mycobacterium Lehmann & Neumann 1896 |
模式種 | |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Zopf 1883) Lehmann and Neumann 1896
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该属细菌包括许多已知在哺乳類动物中造成严重疾病的病原菌,包括结核杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)和麻风杆菌(Mycobacterium leprae)[1]。
希臘語中的 myco 表示「真菌」,意思是說該屬的物種通常在液態培養基的表面,形成類似黴菌的菌落。[2]
2018年,基于全基因组测序的数据,对分枝杆菌属进一步进行修订,并拆分出4个新的菌属,即Mycolicibacillus、Mycolicibacter、Mycobacteroides和Mycolicibacterium。[3]
微生物特徵
编辑1. 外層脂質
2. mycolic acid
3. 多醣(arabinogalactan)
4. 肽聚糖
5. 細胞膜
6. lipoarabinomannan(LAM)
7. phosphatidylinositol mannoside
8. 細胞壁骨架
本屬物種為好氧型細菌,且為不運動型細菌(海洋分枝桿菌除外,其可以在巨噬細胞內運動),為一種抗酸型細菌[1]。分枝桿菌並不會形成内孢子或莢膜,因此常被認定為革蘭氏陰性菌。且分枝桿菌在革蘭氏染色上並無法染上結晶紫,因此無法被歸類於革蘭氏陽性菌或陰性菌。
雖然說本屬不產孢子,但有兩個物種似乎例外,那就是海洋分枝桿菌(Mycobacterium marinum)和牛分枝桿菌(M. bovis)[4]。但進一步的研究引發了爭論。[5]
分枝桿菌的特點就是其細胞壁較其他物種厚,且呈蠟狀疏水性,並含有大量的分枝菌酸(mycolic acids)。多醣會將分枝菌酸層及肽聚糖層拉在一起,讓細胞壁變得十分堅韌。若可干擾其細胞壁的生物合成途徑,也許可以開發治療肺結核的藥物。[6]
物種
编辑表型测试可用于识别和区分不同的分枝杆菌物种和菌株。在以前的系统中,分枝杆菌根据它们的外观和生长速度进行分组的。然而,这些是近祖共性(symplesiomorphies)的,并且最近的分类基于支序分类学(cladistics)进行的。
慢速生長菌
编辑- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members are causative agents of human and animal tuberculosis. Species in this complex include:
- Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of species that, in a disseminated infection but not lung infection, used to be a significant cause of death in AIDS patients. The species M. indicus pranii appears to be basal in this complex.[9]Species in this complex include:
- M. avium
- 鸟分枝杆菌类结核亚种 M. avium paratuberculosis, which has been implicated in Crohn's disease in humans and is the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and sheep
- M. avium silvaticum
- M. avium "hominissuis"
- 哥伦比亚分枝杆菌 M. colombiense
- M. indicus pranii
堪薩斯分支桿菌支序群 (Mycobacterium kansasii clade)
编辑无色分枝杆菌/土分枝杆菌支序群 Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum/terrae clade
编辑Mycolactone-producing mycobacteria
编辑- 溃疡分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium ulcerans MacCallum et al. 1950 , 其会引起布如里氏潰瘍("Buruli"), 或 "Bairnsdale, ulcer"]]
- 假分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii Rhodes et al. 2005
- Mycobacterium shottsii Rhodes et al. 2003
猴分枝杆菌支序群 Mycobacterium simiae clade
编辑- 三重分枝杆菌 M. triplex
- 日内瓦分枝杆菌 M. genavense
- 佛罗伦萨分枝杆菌 M. florentinum
- 缓黄分枝杆菌 M. lentiflavum
- 沼泽分枝杆菌 M. palustre
- M. kubicae
- M. parascrofulaceum
- 海德堡分枝杆菌 M. heidelbergense
- 居间分枝杆菌 M. interjectum
- 猴分枝杆菌 M. simiae
未分群
编辑- 德氏分枝杆菌 M. branderi
- M. cookii
- 隐藏分枝杆菌 M. celatum
- M. bohemicum
- 嗜血分枝杆菌 M. haemophilum
- 玛尔摩分枝杆菌 M. malmoense
- 苏加分枝杆菌 M. szulgai
- 痲瘋桿菌 Mycobacterium leprae,麻风分枝杆菌, 痲瘋病的致病菌
- 鼠麻风分枝杆菌 M. lepraemurium
- M. lepromatosis (M. lepromatosis) 另一种引起痲瘋病的较少见致病菌,于2008年被描述
- 博氏分票杆菌 Mycobacterium botniense
- 嵌合分枝杆菌 M. chimaera
- 出众分枝杆菌 M. conspicuum
- M. doricum
- 鼻疽分枝杆菌 M. farcinogenes
- 半岛分枝杆菌 M. heckeshornense
- 胞内分枝杆菌 M. intracellulare
- 洛克司分枝杆菌 M. lacus
- 海洋分枝桿菌(M. marinum), causes a rare disease called Aquarium granuloma.
- M. monacense
- 摩特弗分枝杆菌 M. montefiorense
- M. murale
- 内布拉斯加分枝杆菌 M. nebraskense
- 萨斯喀彻温分枝杆菌 M. saskatchewanense
- 瘰病分枝杆菌 M. scrofulaceum
- M. shimoidei
- 托斯卡纳分枝杆菌 M. tusciae
- 蟾分枝杆菌 M. xenopi
- M. yongonense
生長速率中等
编辑- Mycobacterium intermedium Meier et al. 1993
快速生長菌
编辑龟分枝杆菌支序群 Mycobacterium chelonae clade
编辑偶然分枝杆菌群 Mycobacterium fortuitum clade
编辑- 偶然分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium fortuitum
- Mycobacterium fortuitum subsp. acetamidolyticum
- Mycobacterium boenickei
- Mycobacterium peregrinum
- 猪分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium porcinum
- 塞内加尔分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium senegalense
- 败血分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium septicum
- Mycobacterium neworleansense
- 休斯顿分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium houstonense
- 产黏液分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium mucogenicum
- 马德里分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium mageritense
- Mycobacterium brisbanense
- Mycobacterium cosmeticum
Mycobacterium parafortuitum 支序群
编辑- M. parafortuitum
- 南非分枝杆菌 M. austroafricanum
- M. diernhoferi
- M. hodleri
- 新金色分枝杆菌 M. neoaurum
- M. frederiksbergense
Mycobacterium vaccae 支序群
编辑CF
编辑未分群
编辑- Mycobacterium agri
- Mycobacterium aichiense
- Mycobacterium alvei
- Mycobacterium arupense
- Mycobacterium brumae
- Mycobacterium canariasense
- Mycobacterium chubuense
- 康赛医院分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium conceptionense
- Mycobacterium confluentis Kirschner et al. 1992
- Mycobacterium duvalii
- 象分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium elephantis
- Mycobacterium flavescens Bojalil et al. 1962
- Mycobacterium gadium
- Mycobacterium gilvum
- 古地分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium goodii
- Mycobacterium hassiacum
- Mycobacterium holsaticum
- 免疫原分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium immunogenum
- Mycobacterium komossense
- 马达加斯加分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium madagascariense
- 马赛分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium massiliense
- Mycobacterium moriokaense Tsukamura et al. 1986
- 大府分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium obuense ,也拼作:Mycobacterium obuense
- 草分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium phlei Lehmann and Neumann 1899
- Mycobacterium psychrotolerans
- Mycobacterium pulveris
- Mycobacterium pyrenivorans
- 包皮垢分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium smegmatis (Trevisan 1889) Lehmann and Neumann 1899,耻垢分枝杆菌
- 泥炭藓分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium sphagni Kazda 1980
- Mycobacterium thermoresistibile
- Mycobacterium vanbaalenii
- 沃氏分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium wolinskyi
未分群
编辑- Mycobacterium arosiense
- 欧巴涅分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium aubagnense
- 山羊分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium caprae
- Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum
- Mycobacterium fluoroanthenivorans
- Mycobacterium kiyosense Fukano et al. 2023[11]
- Mycobacterium kumamotonense Masaki et al. 2007
- 新城分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium novocastrense Shojaei et al. 1997
- 帕尔门塞分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium parmense
- 弗卡分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium phocaicum
- Mycobacterium poriferae
- Mycobacterium rhodesiae
- Mycobacterium salfingeri Musser et al. 2024[12]
- Mycobacterium seoulense
- Mycobacterium tokaiense
分枝桿菌噬菌體
编辑參見
编辑參考文獻
编辑- ^ 1.0 1.1 Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors). Sherris Medical Microbiology 4th. McGraw Hill. 2004. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
- ^ James H. Kerr and Terry L. Barrett, "Atypical Mycobacterial Diseases", Military Dermatology Textbook, p. 401.
- ^ Gupta RS, Lo B, Son J. Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus Mycobacterium into an Emended Genus Mycobacterium and Four Novel Genera. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:67.
- ^ Ghosh, Jaydip; Larsson, Pontus; Singh, Bhupender; Pettersson, B. M. Fredrik; Islam, Nurul M.; Sarkar, Sailendra Nath; Dasgupta, Santanu; Kirsebom, Leif A. Sporulation in mycobacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009-06-30, 106 (26). ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2705590 . PMID 19541637. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904104106 (英语).
- ^ Traag BA, Driks A, Stragier P, Bitter W, Broussard G, Hatfull G, Chu F, Adams KN, Ramakrishnan L, Losick R.2010. "Do mycobacteria produce endospores?" Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 12;107(2):878-81.
- ^ Bhamidi S. Mycobacterial Cell Wall Arabinogalactan. Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-904455-45-5.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 术语在线—权威的术语知识服务平台. www.termonline.cn. [2022-08-02].
- ^ 國家教育研究院雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網. terms.naer.edu.tw. [2022-08-02].
- ^ Rahman, Syed Asad; Singh, Yadvir; Kohli, Sakshi; Ahmad, Javeed; Ehtesham, Nasreen Z.; Tyagi, Anil K.; Hasnain, Seyed E. Lee, Sang Yup , 编. Comparative Analyses of Nonpathogenic, Opportunistic, and Totally Pathogenic Mycobacteria Reveal Genomic and Biochemical Variabilities and Highlight the Survival Attributes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio. 2014-12-31, 5 (6) [2022-08-02]. ISSN 2161-2129. PMC 4222108 . PMID 25370496. doi:10.1128/mBio.02020-14. (原始内容存档于2022-06-25) (英语).
- ^ clade - 支序群;分支群;分支. [2021-04-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-21).
- ^ Fukano H, Kazumi Y, Sakagami N, Fujiwara N, Ato M, Mitarai S, Hoshino Y. Mycobacterium kiyosense sp. nov., a scotochromogenic slow-glowing species isolated from respiratory specimens. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5917.
- ^ Musser E, Smith C, Halse TA, Kohlerschmidt D, Rourke A, Fiero A, Musser KA, Escuyer V, Lapierre P. Characterization of Mycobacterium salfingeri sp. nov.: A novel nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from a human wound infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:992610.
延伸閱讀
编辑- Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease Caused by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). American Thoracic Society. Am J Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Aug 1997 156(2) Part 2 Supplement
- RIDOM: Ribosomal Differentiation of Medical Microorganisms
- J.P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature - Genus Mycobacterium
外部連結
编辑- Tuberculist (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆): Genome annotation database
- MTB Sysborg: Genome annotation database from the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
- TB Structural Genomics Consortium: Structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins
- MycDB: Mycobacterium database
- TBDB: Tuberculosis database
- Mycobacteriumgenomes and related information at PATRIC(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Frequently Asked Questions about NTM Lung Disease
- PRASITE: Identification of mycobacteria (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
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