古吉拉特语
语言
古吉拉特语（ગુજરાતી，拉丁化：Gujarātī）属于印欧语系印度-伊朗语族的印度-雅利安语支，为印度22种官方语言与14种地区性语言之一，同时也是巴基斯坦少数民族语言。全球有大约4600万人讲这种语言，为世界上第23大语言。从使用的人群主要分布来看，印度4550万，乌干达15万，巴基斯坦10万，肯尼亚5万。
| 古吉拉特语 | |
|---|---|
| ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī | |
| 发音 | /gudʒ.(ə)'ɾat̪i/ |
| 区域 |  印度 巴基斯坦 南非 乌干达 坦桑尼亚 肯尼亚 美国 英国 澳大利亞 新西兰 斐济 加拿大 尚比亞 辛巴威 |
母语使用人数 | 4.61千萬[1] |
| 語系 | |
| 文字 | 古吉拉特文 |
| 官方地位 | |
| 作为官方语言 | 印度古吉拉特邦[1][2] |
| 語言代碼 | |
| ISO 639-1 | gu |
| ISO 639-2 | guj |
| ISO 639-3 | guj |
| Glottolog | guja1252[3] |
| 语言瞭望站 | 59-AAF-h |
 古吉拉特语為母語在印度的分布 | |
古吉拉特语为印度古吉拉特邦、联邦属地达德拉-纳加尔哈维利和达曼-第乌的主要语言，同时也是孟买古吉拉特人社区的语言，在北美和英国有众多讲古吉拉特语的居民。古吉拉特语也是印度国父圣雄甘地、巴基斯坦国父穆罕默德·阿里·真納和沙达·瓦拉汉·佩帖尔（被誉为铁人的印度首位内政大臣）的第一语言。
音系
编辑
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文法
编辑古吉拉特語是一種頭-終結或左-分支語言。形容詞前導名詞，直接賓語先於動詞，并且它有后置詞。古吉拉特語的語序是SOV，并且它有三個性和兩個數。沒有定冠詞或不定冠詞。動詞表達為它的動詞詞根跟上標記文法體和呼應的後綴，以此叫做主形式，帶有從 to be 派生的可能的前導輔助形式，標記時態和語氣，并也展示呼應。使役式(直到雙重)和被動式有著構詞基礎。[4]
參考資料
编辑- ^ 1.0 1.1 Gordon 2005
- ^ Dwyer 1995，第5頁
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Gujarati. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
- ^ Mistry 2001，第276-277頁
參考文獻
编辑字典
编辑- Belsare, M.B. (1904) An etymological Gujarati-English Dictionary.
- Deshpande, P.G. (1974) Gujarati-English Dictionary. Ahmadabad: University Granth Nirman Board.
- Deshpande, P.G. (1982) Modern English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
- Deshpande, P.G. & Parnwell, E.C. (1977) Oxford Picture Dictionary. English-Gujarati. Oxford University Press.
- Deshpande, P.G. (1988) Universal English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
- Mehta, B.N. & Mehta, B.B. (1925) The Modern Gujarati-English Dictionary.
- Platts, J.T., A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co, 1884 [2016-05-01], （原始内容存档于2011-10-16）.
- Suthar, B. (2003) Gujarati-English Learner's Dictionary (1 Mb)（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Turner, Ralph Lilley, A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, 1966 [2016-05-01], （原始内容存档于2021-01-25）.
語法
编辑- Cardona, George, A Gujarati Reference Grammar, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1965.
- Taylor, G.P., The Student's Gujarati Grammar, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1908.
- Tisdall, W.S., A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language, 1892.
課程
编辑- Dave, Jagdish, Colloquial Gujarati 2004, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0-415-09196-9.
- Gujarati Literary Academy UK, Text Books 1 to 5 1985, Navabharat Sahitya Mandir Mumbai, 1985.
- Dwyer, Rachel, Teach Yourself Gujarati, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1995 [2016-05-01], （原始内容存档于2008-01-02）.
- Lambert, H.M., Gujarati Language Course, Cambridge University Press, 1971.
語音
编辑- Dave, T.N., Notes on Gujarati Phonology, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 1931, 6 (3): 673–678, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00093174.
- Firth, J.R., Phonetic Observations on Gujarati, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1957, 20 (1): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00061802.
- Mistry, P.J., Gujarati Phonology, Kaye, A.S. (编), Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1997.
- Pandit, P.B., Historical Phonology of Gujarati Vowels, Language, 1961, 37 (1): 54–66, doi:10.2307/411249.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley, Gujarati Phonology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1921: 505–544.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley, Indo-Aryan Nasals in Gujarati, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1915: 1033–1038.
概論
编辑- Cardona, George; Suthar, Babu, Gujarati, Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (编), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, 2003 [2016-05-01], ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5, （原始内容存档于2020-12-22）.
- Dalby, Andrew, Gujarati, Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-231-11568-7.
- Mistry, P.J., Gujarati, Frawley, William (编), International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2 2nd, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
- Mistry, P.J., Gujarati, Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (编), An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present, New England Publishing Associates, 2001.
老古吉拉特語
编辑- Bender, E. (1992) The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita: A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary. American Oriental Society: New Haven, Conn. ISBN 0-940490-73-0
- Brown, W.N., An Old Gujarati Text of the Kalaka Story, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1938, 58 (1): 5–29, doi:10.2307/594192.
- Dave, T.N. (1935) A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century. The Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 0-947593-30-6
- Tessitori, L.P. (1914–1916) "Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani." Indian Antiquary. 43–45.
其它
编辑- Gajendragadkar, S.N., Parsi Gujarati, Bombay: University of Bombay, 1972.
- Masica, Colin, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 [2016-05-01], ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2, （原始内容存档于2020-12-22）.
- Mistry, P.J., Gujarati Writing, Daniels; Bright (编), The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, 1996.
外部連結
编辑
维基百科提供如下语言版本： 古吉拉特语維基百科
- Gujarati Online Dictionary & Language Resources （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- UCLA Language Materials Project: Gujarati
- Gujarati Wiktionary
- Bharatiya Bhasha Jyoti: Gujarati —a textbook for learning Gujarati through Hindi from the Central Institute of Indian Languages.
- English to Gujarati Dictionary （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）