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PANZERFAUST

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Panzerfaust
A Luftwaffe soldier aims the Faustpatrone using the integrated leaf sight
类型Man-portable anti-tank recoilless gun
原产地Nazi Germany
服役记录
服役期间1943–1945 (Nazi Germany)
使用方See Users
参与战争／冲突World War II
生产历史
生产日期1942–1945
制造数量over 6 million (all variants)
衍生型Panzerfaust 30, 60, 100, 150, 250
基本规格
重量6.25千克（13.8英磅） (Panzerfaust 60)
长度~ 1米（3英尺3英寸）
操作人数infantry
口径149 mm (Panzerfaust 60)
有效射程60米（200英尺） (Panzerfaust 60)
弹头Shaped charge
引爆机制Impact

The Panzerfaust (lit. "armor fist" or "tank fist", plural: Panzerfäuste) is an inexpensive, single shot, recoilless German anti-tank weapon of World War II. It consists of a small, disposable pre-loaded launch tube firing a high-explosive anti-tank warhead, and was intended to be operated by a single soldier. The Panzerfaust's direct ancestor was the similar, smaller-warhead Faustpatrone ordnance device. The Panzerfaust was in use from 1943 until the end of the war.[1][2]

Background: Faustpatrone

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A forerunner of the Panzerfaust was the Faustpatrone (literally "fist cartridge").

The Faustpatrone was much smaller in physical appearance than the better known Panzerfaust. Development of the Faustpatrone started in the summer of 1942 at the German company HASAG with the development of a smaller prototype called Gretchen ("little Greta") by a team headed by Dr. Heinrich Langweiler in Leipzig. The basic concept was that of a recoilless gun; neither the Faustpatrone, nor its successor the Panzerfaust were rockets.

 
Faustpatrone 30 (top) and Panzerfaust 60 (bottom)

The following weapon model of the Panzerfaust family, the so-called Faustpatrone klein, 30 m ("small fist-cartridge") had a total weight of 3.2 kg (7.1 lb) and a total length of 98.5 cm (38¾ in); its projectile had a length of 36 cm (14¼ in) and a warhead diameter of 10 cm (4 in); it carried a shaped charge of 400 g (14 oz) of a 50:50 mix of TNT and tri-hexogen. The propellant consisted of 54 g (1.9 oz or 830 grains) of black powder, the metal launch tube had a length of 80 cm (31½ in) and a diameter of 3.3 cm (1.3 in) (early models reportedly 2.8 cm (1.1 in)). Fitted to the warhead was a wooden shaft with folded stabilizing fins (made of 0.25 mm (0.01 in) thick spring metal). These bent blades straightened into position by themselves as soon as they left the launch tube. The warhead was accelerated to a speed of 28 m/s (92 ft/s), had a range of about 30 m (100 ft) and an armor penetration of up to 140 mm (5½ in) of plain steel. Soon a crude aiming device similar to the one used by the Panzerfaust was added to the design; it was fixed at a range of 30 m (100 ft).

 
Sectional view of Faustpatrone 30 (top) and Panzerfaust 60 (bottom) warheads, further cross sectional views for the Faustpatrone 30 and Panzerfaust 100, including the tube, are available.[3][4][5]

Several designations of this weapon were in use, amongst which Faustpatrone 1 or Panzerfaust 30 klein; however, it was common to refer to this weapon simply as the Faustpatrone. Of the earlier model, 20,000 were ordered and the first 500 Faustpatronen were delivered by the manufacturer, HASAG Hugo Schneider AG, Werk Schlieben, in August 1943. Two main problems had already surfaced much earlier in the weapon's trials: first, the original model did not have a sighting device, and, secondly, because of the odd shape of the warhead (see pictures), it tended to ricochet off or explode with lesser effect on sloped armour, especially evident when deployed against the Russian T-34. Since these problems surfaced early in testing, the development and production of its successor, the Panzerfaust 30, had already begun by the time of the first deliveries, inhibiting incorporation of possible solutions to the problems in the newer design and perpetuating its weaknesses. Still, the small and simple Faustpatrone was kept in production well into 1945. During the entire Second World War, it remained the most common German anti-armour weapon.

Development

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Panzerfaust 60 (left) with Panzerschreck rocket (right)
 
Four Panzerfaust 30s in original shipping crate, on display at the Helsinki Military Museum

Development began in 1942 on a larger version of the Faustpatrone. The resulting weapon was the Panzerfaust 30, with a total weight of 5.1千克（11.2英磅） and total length of 1.045米（3.4英尺）. The launch tube was made of low-grade steel 44毫米（1.7英寸） in diameter, containing a 95-克（3.4-盎司） charge of black powder propellant. Along the side of the tube were a simple folding rear sight and a trigger. The edge of the warhead was used as the front sight. The oversize warhead (140 mm（5.5英寸） in diameter) was fitted into the front of the tube by an attached wooden tail stem with metal stabilizing fins. The warhead weighed 2.9千克（6.4英磅） and contained 0.8千克（1.8英磅） of a 50:50 mixture of TNT and hexogen explosives, and had armour penetration of 200毫米（7.9英寸）.[6]

The Panzerfaust often had warnings written in large red letters on the upper rear end of the tube, the words usually being "Achtung. Feuerstrahl." ("Beware. Fire jet."). This was to warn soldiers to avoid the backblast. After firing, the tube was discarded, making the Panzerfaust the first disposable anti-tank weapon.

The weapon, when correctly fired from the crook of the arm, could with its shaped charge warhead penetrate the armour of any armoured fighting vehicle of the period.[7]

Specifications

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Designation Weight Propellant
weight 		Warhead Ø Projectile speed
Vmax 		Effective
range 		Penetration
performance
Faustpatrone 30 2.7–3.2 kg 70 g 100 mm 28 m/s 30 m 140 mm
Panzerfaust 30 6.9 kg 95–100 g 149 mm 30 m/s 30 m 200 mm
Panzerfaust 60 8.5 kg 120–134 g 149 mm 45 m/s 60 m 200 mm
Panzerfaust 100 9.4 kg 190–200 g 149 mm 60 m/s 100 m 200 mm
Panzerfaust 150 6.5 kg 190–200 g 106 mm 85 m/s 150 m 280–320 mm

Combat use

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Panzerfaust armed German soldiers on the Eastern Front, 1945.

To use the Panzerfaust, the soldier took off the safety, aimed, and, with a little squeeze, fired the projectile. Unlike the Americans' 60 mm Bazooka and the Germans' own heavier 88 mm Panzerschreck tube-type rocket launchers based on the American ordnance piece, the Panzerfaust did not have a trigger. It had a pedal-like lever near the projectile that ignited the propellant when squeezed.

Germany

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In the Battle of Normandy, only 6% of British tank losses were from Panzerfaust fire despite the close-range combat in the Bocage landscape. However, the threat from the Panzerfaust forced tank forces to wait for infantry support before advancing. The portion of British tanks taken out of action by Panzerfausts later rose to 34%, a rise probably explained by the lack of German anti-tank guns late in the war and also the terrain where the fighting took place.[8]

In urban combat, in the later war, in eastern Germany, about 70% of tanks destroyed were hit by Panzerfäuste or Panzerschrecks. The Soviet forces responded by installing spaced armour on their tanks from early 1945 onwards although it was often easily blown off by exploding shells or Panzerfaust hits. Each tank company was also assigned a platoon of infantry to protect them from infantry-wielded anti-tank weapons.[来源请求]

 
Volkssturm soldiers with Panzerfausts in Berlin, March 1945

During the last stages of the war, many poorly trained conscripts were given a Panzerfaust and nothing else, causing several German generals to comment sarcastically that the tubes could then be used as clubs.[9]

Other countries

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Many Panzerfäuste were sold to Finland, which urgently needed them as the Finnish forces did not have enough anti-tank weapons that could penetrate heavily armored Soviet tanks like the T-34 and IS-2. The Finnish experience with the weapon and its adaptability to Finnish needs was mixed and only 4,000 of 25,000 Panzerfäuste delivered were expended in combat.[10] The manual that came with the weapon upon delivery to the Finns included depictions of where to aim the weapon on the Soviet T-34 and US Sherman tanks.[11]

The US 82nd Airborne Division captured some Panzerfäuste in the Sicilian campaign, and later during the fighting in Normandy. Finding them more effective than their own Bazookas, they held onto them and used them during the later stages of the French campaign and even dropped with them into the Netherlands during Operation Market Garden. They captured an ammunition dump of Panzerfäuste near Nijmegen, and used them through the Ardennes Offensive toward the end of the war.[12]

Variants

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Panzerfaust-armed Finnish soldiers (soldier in foreground is also armed with a Suomi KP/-31) passing the wreckage of a Soviet T-34 tank, destroyed by detonation, in the Battle of Tali-Ihantala.
Panzerfaust 30 klein ("small") or Faustpatrone
this was the original version, first delivered in August 1943 with a total weight of 3.2千克（7.1英磅） and overall length of 98.5 cm（38.8英寸）. The "30" was indicative of the nominal maximum range of 30米（33 yd）. It had a 3.3 cm（1.3英寸） diameter tube containing 54克（1.9盎司） of black powder propellant launching a 10 cm（3.9英寸） warhead carrying 400 g（14 oz） of explosive. The projectile traveled at just 30米（98英尺） per second and could penetrate 140 mm（5.5英寸） of armour.
Panzerfaust 30
an improved version also appearing in August 1943. This version had a larger warhead for improved armour penetration, 200 mm（7.9英寸）, but the same range of 30 meters.
Panzerfaust 60
this was the most common version, with production starting in September 1944. It had a much more practical range of 60米（66 yd）, although with a muzzle velocity of only 45米（148英尺） per second it would take 1.3 seconds for the warhead to reach a tank at that range. To achieve the higher velocity, the tube diameter was increased to 5 cm（2.0英寸） and 134 g（4.7 oz） of propellant used. It also had an improved flip-up rear sight and trigger mechanism. The weapon now weighed 6.1千克（13磅）. It could defeat 200 mm（7.9英寸） of armour.
Panzerfaust 100
this was the final version produced in quantity, from November 1944 onwards. It had a nominal maximum range of 100米（330英尺）. 190 g（6.7 oz） of propellant launched the warhead at 60米（200英尺） per second from a 6 cm（2.4英寸） diameter tube. The sight had holes for 30, 60, 80、150米（260、490英尺）, and had luminous paint in them to make counting up to the correct one easier in the dark. This version weighed 6千克（13磅） and could penetrate 220 mm（8.7英寸） of armour.
Panzerfaust 150
this was a major redesign of the weapon, and was deployed in limited numbers near the end of the war. The firing tube was reinforced and reusable for up to ten shots. A new pointed warhead with increased armour penetration and two-stage propellant ignition gave a higher velocity of 85米（279英尺） per second. Production started in March 1945, two months before the end of the war.
Panzerfaust 250
the last development of the Panzerfaust series was the Panzerfaust 250. It used a reloadable tube and now featured a pistol grip. With propellants in both the firing tube and on the projectile itself it was projected to reach a projectile speed of 150 m/s (490 feet/s). Serial production was scheduled to begin in September 1945. However, the development of this weapon was never completed and none was ever produced. The Soviet RPG-2 anti-tank rocket launcher partially was based on the design of the Panzerfaust 250.
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PAPI
Argentine-made antitank weapon, similar to the Panzerfaust. The acronym stands for proyectil antitanque para infanteria (Spanish for "infantry anti-tank projectile").[13]
Pansarskott m/45 and pansarskott m/46
Swedish-made copies of the Panzerfaust.[14]

Users

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Finnish soldiers armed with Panzerfausts
Panzerfaust
Derivatives
  •   阿根廷 Argentine-made PAPI and possibly Swedish made Pansarskott m/46.[19][20]
  •   瑞典 manufactured and used copies of the Panzerfaust in at least two different variants; Pansarskott m/45 and Pansarskott m/46[14]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Stallings, Patrick A. Tank Company Security Operations (PDF). Major. 
  2. ^ Guzmán, Julio S. Las Armas Modernas de Infantería. April 1942 （西班牙语）. 
  3. ^ Panzerfaust 100, courtesy of V. Potapov. 
  4. ^ Reocities, Panzerfaust WW II German Infantry Anti-Tank Weapons Page 2: Faustpatrone & Panzerfaust, M.Hofbauer. 
  5. ^ Archive.org Panzerfaust WW II German Infantry Anti-Tank Weapons Page 2: Faustpatrone & Panzerfaust, M.Hofbauer. （原始内容存档于February 9, 2005）. 
  6. ^ Handbook on German Military Forces (PDF). Washington D.C.: United States War Department. 1945: VII-II. 
  7. ^ Bishop, Chris. The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. New York: Orbis Publishing. January 1998. ISBN 978-0-7607-1022-7. 
  8. ^ Place, Timothy Harrison. Chapter 9: Armour in North-West Europe. Military training in the British Army, 1940–1944: From Dunkirk to D-Day. Cass Series—Military History and Policy 6. London: Frank Cass. October 2000: 160. ISBN 978-0-7146-5037-1. LCCN 00031480. 
  9. ^ Simons, Gerald. Victory in Europe. Alexandria, VA: Time–Life Books. 1982: 42. ISBN 978-0-8094-3406-0. LCCN 81018315. 
  10. ^ Jowett, Philip S.; Snodgrass, Brent (Illustrator); Ruggeri, Raffaele (Illustrator). Martin Windrow , 编. Finland at War, 1939–45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. July 2006: 56. ISBN 978-1-84176-969-1. LCCN 2006286373. 
  11. ^ Jack E. Hammond, hosting of 1943 Panzerfaust manual. 
  12. ^ More Than Courage: Sicily, Naples-Foggia, Anzio, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace ... By Phil Nordyke P.299
  13. ^ "Argentine Panzerfaust" topic, International Ammunition Association forum (retrieved 2014-01-24)
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Pansarskott Swedish Wikipedia article, accessed 2012-11-15
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Rottman, Gordon L. The Panzerfaust and Panzerschreck in other hands. Panzerfaust and Panzerschreck. Osprey Publishing. 2014: 68–69. ISBN 9781782007883. 
  16. ^ Tibor, Rada. Német gyalogsági fegyverek magyar kézben [German infantry weapons in Hungarian hands]. A Magyar Királyi Honvéd Ludovika Akadémia és a Testvérintézetek Összefoglalt Története (1830-1945) II. Budapest: Gálos Nyomdász Kft. 2001: 1114. ISBN 963-85764-3-X （匈牙利语）. 
  17. ^ Perzyk, Bogusław: Niemieckie granatniki przeciwpancerne Panzerfaust w Wojsku Polskim 1944-1955 cz.I in: Poligon 2/2011, pp.57-62 (in Polish) and Perzyk, Bogusław: Panzerfaust w Wojsku Polskim 1944-1955 cz.II. Projekt PC-100 in: Poligon 4/2011, p.68 (in Polish)
  18. ^ Gordon L. Rottman. Panzerfaust and Panzerschreck. Osprey Publishing. 2014: 70. ISBN 1782007881. 
  19. ^ Julio S. Guzmán, Las Armas Modernas de Infantería, Abril de 1953
  20. ^ http://www.militariarg.com/support-weapons.html

Bibliography

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