松弛素
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松弛素(Relaxin)是一种分子量约为6000Da的蛋白质激素 [1] 在1926年由弗雷德里克·海撒(Frederick Hisaw)发现。[2][3]
Relaxin 1 | |
---|---|
识别 | |
符号 | RLN1 |
替换符号 | H1 |
Entrez | 6013 |
HUGO | 10026 |
OMIM | 179730 |
RefSeq | NM_006911 |
UniProt | P04808 |
其他资料 | |
基因座 | 9 qter-q12 |
Relaxin 2 | |
---|---|
识别 | |
符号 | RLN2 |
替换符号 | H2, RLXH2, bA12D24.1.1, bA12D24.1.2 |
Entrez | 6019 |
HUGO | 10027 |
OMIM | 179740 |
PDB | 6RLX |
RefSeq | NM_134441 |
UniProt | P04090 |
其他资料 | |
基因座 | 9 qter-q12 |
Relaxin 3 | |
---|---|
识别 | |
符号 | RLN3 |
替换符号 | ZINS4, RXN3, H3 |
Entrez | 117579 |
HUGO | 17135 |
OMIM | 606855 |
RefSeq | NM_080864 |
UniProt | Q8WXF3 |
其他资料 | |
基因座 | 19 p13.3 |
似松弛素胜肽家族(relaxin-like peptide family)属于胰岛素超家族,其由7种结构相似度高但序列相似度低的胜肽构成:松弛素-1 (relaxin-1)、松弛素-2 (relaxin-2)、松弛素-3 (relaxin-3),还有似胰岛素胜肽(insulin-like peptides):似胰岛素胜肽-3、似胰岛素胜肽-4、似胰岛素胜肽-5及似胰岛素胜肽-6。似胰岛素胜肽-3、似胰岛素胜肽-4、似胰岛素胜肽-5及似胰岛素胜肽-6的功能仍未被厘清。[4]
合成
编辑结构
编辑功能
编辑在人类
编辑无论是否怀孕,女性体内的黄体都会产生松弛素。[1] 松弛素的浓度在排卵后的14天到达峰值,然后因为没有怀孕、月经出现而下降。 [8] 松弛素可能在蜕膜化(英语:decidualization)中扮演重要角色,与类固醇激素共同作用,使子宫内膜完成着床准备。[9] 松弛素浓度在妊娠的第一期(前三个月)上升,原因是蜕膜合成额外的松弛素。 松弛素的峰值是怀孕第14周和生产期。松弛素在怀孕期间介导血液动力学的变化,如增加心输出量,增加肾血流量,并且增加动脉顺应性。[10] 松弛素也放松骨盆的韧带。[11]此外,松弛素也能软化耻骨联合。[12]
在男性中,松弛素增强精液中精子的运动能力。[13]
在心血管系统中,松弛素主要是透过活化一氧化氮途径来作用。其他机制包括活化NF-κB导致的血管内皮生长因子和基质金属蛋白酶转录等。[14]
松弛素可以放松血管平滑肌细胞,并增加大鼠内皮细胞的一氧化氮产量,因此能透过舒张体动脉降低阻力调节心血管功能[14] 在大鼠模型中,松弛素增加心率以及心脏收缩的力道。[15] 透过血管内皮生长因子的正调控,松弛素在血管生成方面有关键作用,在怀孕期间、肿瘤发展或局部缺血的伤口中皆可观察到。[15]
在其他动物
编辑在动物中,松弛素放松耻骨并促进分娩;它也软化子宫颈 (子宫颈成熟)并放松子宫肌肉。[16] 因此在很长一段时间,松弛素被视为一种妊娠激素。但松弛素可能有更深远的效应,它能影响胶原蛋白新陈代谢,透过基质金属蛋白酶抑制胶原蛋白合成并增强其分解。[17] 松弛素也促进血管新生 [18],且是一个有力的肾脏血管舒张剂。[19]
几种动物研究发现松弛素具有心脏保护效果,能对抗局部缺血和再灌注导致的伤害,机制是透过抗细胞凋亡和抗炎性的效应来降低细胞损害。[20]松弛素在动物模型中,透过抑制纤维母细胞分泌胶原蛋白和刺激基质金属蛋白酶来降低心脏纤维化。[15][14]
在穴兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus)中,松弛素和鳞状细胞分化有关,并且在气管与支气管的上皮细胞中表现,而非参与生殖。[21]
在马(Equus caballus)中,松弛素是妊娠过程中有作用的重要激素。在怀孕发生之前,马的卵巢于动情周期分泌松弛素。[22]在马排卵前,卵巢的基质细胞会分泌松弛素,这将会促进明胶酶(gelatinase)与金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子。这些酶将协助排卵过程,并导致一个成熟滤泡移动到输卵管中[22]。此外,颗粒细胞(granular cell)和滤泡鞘细胞(theca cell)会随着滤泡尺寸增大而增加松弛素表达量[22]。在怀孕早期,未着床的胚体会表达松弛素,松弛素透过血管内皮生长因子的正调控促进子宫内膜的血管新生。[22][23]只有在马中,子宫内的胚胎会在排卵后第8天开始表达松弛素。然后在胚体发育过程中表达量渐增,可能促进胚胎之发育。[22]
除了马胚以外,母马的胎盘也是松弛素产生的主要来源,而多数动物的主要来源则是黄体。[22]马的胎盘滋胚层细胞产生松弛素,但胎盘的大小并不会决定松弛素的产量,这是来自于比较不同品系的马怀孕时的松弛素浓度得到的结果。[24]从母马怀孕第80天开始,松弛素的浓度在血清中上升,浓度到怀孕晚期到达高峰。[24][25]此外,此模式的松弛素表达会随着雌激素浓度变化,但两激素之间没有已知的关联。[25]在生产阶段,分娩前3-4小时可观察到松弛素的脉冲,这与子宫肌层的放松与骨盆韧带的软化有关,目的是为了对马胎脱离产道做准备。[22][24]随着出生,松弛素浓度会因为胎盘排出而逐渐下降。[24]此外,如果母马堕胎,则松弛素浓度会因为胎盘停止作用而下降。[24]
受体
编辑松弛素和松弛素受体 LGR7(RXFP1)和LGR8(RXFP2)相互作用,这两个受体属于G蛋白偶联受体超家族。[26] 它们包含七螺旋的穿膜区域和一个大的糖基化胞外区域,和黄体生成素受体或促卵泡激素受体此二糖蛋白激素受体有结构上相似的关系。
相关疾病
编辑在临床测试中接受松弛素治疗的妇女中,部分妇女在月经周期经历较多的出血[29]。
在罹患子宫内膜异位症的妇女中,可以发现其松弛素表达量较低。松弛素与子宫内膜异位症的详细关联有待后续研究揭露。[29]
和松弛素有关的特定疾病的发现不多,但是研究显示硬皮病和纤维肌痛可能和松弛素有关。[30]
怀孕
编辑药理学的应用
编辑Serelaxin是一种重组过的松弛素-2,是临床测试中的心脏衰竭用药。[31]
亦有研究建议将松弛素作为为部分妇科病症(如子宫纤维化、子宫内膜异位症)的治疗标的。[29]
演化
编辑松弛素-1和松弛素-2的基因是在4420万年前与2960万年前间,因为原松弛素基因(proto-RLN gene)在狭鼻小目灵长类中的最后的共同祖先出现基因重复而产生。[32]基因重复被保留下来,导致松弛素-1和松弛素-2基因存留至今,研究认为是正向选择与趋同演化在新世界猴与猿类的核碱基层面发生的结果。[32]因此,旧世界猴,如疣猴亚科与猕猴亚科,丧失了旁系同源基因(paralog)松弛素-1,但猿类保留了松弛素-1和松弛素-2两者的基因。[32]
参考文献
编辑- ^ 1.0 1.1 Relaxin: a pleiotropic hormone. General Pharmacology. January 1997, 28 (1): 13–22. PMID 9112071. doi:10.1016/s0306-3623(96)00171-1.
- ^ If a Gopher Can Do It …. Time Magazine. 1944-04-10 [2009-05-20]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-15).
- ^ Relaxin and renal fibrosis. Kidney International. March 2001, 59 (3): 1184–5. PMID 11231378. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0590031184.x.
- ^ Evolution of the relaxin-like peptide family. BMC evolutionary biology. February 2005, 5 (14). PMID 15707501. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-5-14.
- ^ MacLennan AH. The role of the hormone relaxin in human reproduction and pelvic girdle relaxation. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. Supplement. 1991, 88: 7–15. PMID 2011710.
- ^ The Minimal Active Structure of Human Relaxin-2. Journal of Biological Chemistry. October 2011, 286 (43): 37555–37565. PMC 3199501 . PMID 21878627. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.282194.
- ^ Prohormone convertase-1 will process prorelaxin, a member of the insulin family of hormones.. Moleculae Endocrinology. September 1992, 6 (9): 1441–1450. doi:10.1210/mend.6.9.1435788.
- ^ Biology of primate relaxin: A paracrine signal in early pregnancy?. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. June 2004, 2 (36). PMID 15271674. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-2-36.
- ^ Hormones, cytokines and fetal anomalies in habitual abortion. Gynecological Endocrinology. December 2001, 15 (6): 472–83. PMID 11826772. doi:10.1080/gye.15.6.472.483.
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- ^ Maternal vasodilation in pregnancy: the emerging role of relaxin. American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. August 2011, 301 (2): R267–75. PMC 3154715 . PMID 21613576. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00156.2011.
- ^ Symphyseal distention in relation to serum relaxin levels and pelvic pain in pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. August 2009, 79 (4): 269–275. PMID 10746841. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0412.2000.079004269.x.
- ^ Relaxin in the male. Biology of Reproduction. February 1989, 40 (2): 197–200. PMID 2497805. doi:10.1095/biolreprod40.2.197. (原始内容存档于2008-11-22).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Relaxin' the Heart: A Novel Therapeutic Modality. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics. July 2016, 21 (4): 353–62. PMID 26589290. doi:10.1177/1074248415617851.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Relaxin-2 in Cardiometabolic Diseases: Mechanisms of Action and Future Perspectives. Frontiers in Physiology. 2017, 8: 599. PMC 5563388 . PMID 28868039. doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00599 (英语).
- ^ Hisaw, Frederick L.; Hisaw, Frederick L. Effect of relaxin on the uterus of monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with observations on the cervix and symphysis pubis. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1964-05-15, 89 (2): 141–155. ISSN 0002-9378. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(64)90706-9 (英语).
- ^ Endogenous relaxin regulates collagen deposition in an animal model of allergic airway disease. Endocrinology. February 2006, 147 (2): 754–61. PMID 16254028. doi:10.1210/en.2005-1006.
- ^ Unemori, Elaine N.; Lewis, Martyn; Constant, James; Arnold, Gretchen; Grove, Beverly H.; Normand, Josee; Deshpande, Usha; Salles, Adam; Pickford, Lesley B. Relaxin induces vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis selectively at wound sites. Wound Repair and Regeneration. 2000, 8 (5): 361–370. ISSN 1524-475X. doi:10.1111/j.1524-475X.2000.00361.x (英语).
- ^ Conrad, Kirk P.; Sherwood, O. David; Danielson, Lee A. Relaxin is a potent renal vasodilator in conscious rats. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1999-02-15, 103 (4): 525–533 [2019-05-04]. ISSN 0021-9738. PMID 10021461. doi:10.1172/JCI5630. (原始内容存档于2017-05-17) (英语).
- ^ Teichman, Sam L.; Unemori, Elaine; Teerlink, John R.; Cotter, Gad; Metra, Marco. Relaxin: Review of Biology and Potential Role in Treating Heart Failure. Current Heart Failure Reports. 2010-06-01, 7 (2): 75–82. ISSN 1546-9549. PMC 2875472 . PMID 20424993. doi:10.1007/s11897-010-0010-z (英语).
- ^ Gene duplication and positive selection explains unusual physiological roles of the relaxin gene in the European rabbit. Journal of Molecular Evolution. February 2012, 74 (1-2): 52–60. PMID 22354201. doi:10.1007/s00239-012-9487-2.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 The role of relaxin in mare reproductive physiology: A comparative review with other species. Theriogenology. July 2016, 86 (1): 451–6. PMID 27158127. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.061.
- ^ Early pregnancy in the mare: old concepts revisited. Domestic Animal Endocrinology. July 2016,. 56 Suppl: S212–7. PMID 27345319. doi:10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.03.006.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Hormone profiles and treatments in the late pregnant mare. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice. December 2006, 22 (3): 727–47. PMID 17129800. doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2006.08.004.
- ^ 25.0 25.1 Maternal and foetal endocrinology during late pregnancy and parturition in the mare. Equine Veterinary Journal. July 1984, 16 (4): 233–8. PMID 6383806.
- ^ Activation of orphan receptors by the hormone relaxin. Science. January 2002, 295 (5555): 671–4. PMID 11809971. doi:10.1126/science.1065654.
- ^ {{Cite journal|title=Relaxin receptors in mice: demonstration of ligand binding in symphyseal tissues and uterine membrane fragments.|date=January 1992|journal=Endocrinology|issue=1|volume=130|pages=179–185|doi=10.1210/en.130.1.179}
- ^ Ho, W. H.; Osheroff, P. L. Expression of relaxin mRNA and relaxin receptors in postnatal and adult rat brains and hearts. Localization and developmental patterns.. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1993-07-15, 268 (20): 15193–15199. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8392068 (英语).
- ^ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 The Role of Relaxin in Normal and Abnormal Uterine Function During the Menstrual Cycle and Early Pregnancy. Reproductive Sciences. March 2017, 24 (3): 342–354. PMID 27365367. doi:10.1177/1933719116657189.
- ^ Relaxin receptors--new drug targets for multiple disease states. Current Drug Targets. January 2007, 8 (1): 91–104. PMID 17266534. doi:10.2174/138945007779315650.
- ^ Serelaxin, recombinant human relaxin-2, for treatment of acute heart failure (RELAX-AHF): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet. January 2013, 381 (9860): 29–39. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61855-8.
- ^ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Evolution of the relaxin/insulin-like gene family in anthropoid primates. Genome Biology and Evolution. March 2014, 6 (3): 491–9. PMC 3971578 . PMID 24493383. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu023.
外部链接
编辑- 医学主题词表(MeSH):Relaxin'
- Relaxin. Human Protein Reference Database. Johns Hopkins University and the Institute of Bioinformatics. [2009-05-20].