2024年乔治亚国会选举
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2024年乔治亚国会选举于2024年10月26日举行,选出新一届乔治亚议会全体150位议员。 [1][2][3]根据该国在2017年新修正的宪法,国会中所有席次皆以比例代表制选出,并有5%的选举门槛。 [4]选举结果为格鲁吉亚梦想获得过半数议席。[5]
背景
编辑执政联盟乔治亚梦想自2012年国会选举起已执政12年,它虽仍是国会最大党,但近年正逐渐流失支持。此次选举是1991年乔治亚独立以来首次国会席次皆以比例代表选出,这被认为对反对党有利。[4][6][7]
即使部分反对派出现分歧,但联合国家运动党、强大格鲁吉亚、改变联盟决议以非正式的选举联盟竞选,并在比例代表名单中共推候选人以增加突破5%选举门槛的机会。而为了格鲁吉亚、新政治中心—吉尔基与乔治亚工党选择独立参选。[8]大多数反对派签署了《乔治亚宪章》,当中要求各党不和乔治亚梦想组成联合政府。[9]
新政治中心—吉尔基与格鲁吉亚爱国者联盟则表示,只要谈妥条件,他们不排斥与乔治亚梦想共组政府。但新政治中心—吉尔基也表示,若他党能开出更好得条件,他们也不排除和其他反对党共组政府。[10][11]
乔治亚前总理比济纳·伊万尼什维利是乔治亚梦想的创党元老,他虽在2021年退出政坛,但对该国政治仍具有影响力。在选举前数月,他重出政坛领导乔治亚梦想竞选。[12]
尽管乔治亚人民普遍支持加入欧盟和北约,但在俄乌战争与乔治亚和俄罗斯的潜在冲突下,乔治亚梦想将自己定位为唯一能以“务实政策”来实现与俄罗斯维持和平的政党。乔治亚梦想指控Global War Party对西方世界有极大影响力,并称该党试图将乔治亚卷入冲突。[13]乔治亚梦想还誓言取缔绝大多数反对党,该党指控反对党与统一民族运动党合作。乔治亚梦想指控,该党执政时让乔治亚在2008年陷入战争,还建立了“暴力和酷刑制度”。[14][15][16][17]
比德齐纳·伊万尼什维利向克里姆林宫示好,呼吁为乔治亚为2008年的战争道歉。[18]乔治亚梦同时强化了与中国的关系,[19][20]并承诺在“遵循乔治亚自身规则”的前提下加入欧盟。[21]
反对派批评执政党亲俄,[22]除了谴责乔治亚梦想有关欧洲一体化的发言是双重思想,[23]也批评执政党的政策将使乔治亚远离西方盟友和乌克兰,让乔治亚变成“俄罗斯的后院”。[24]反对派誓言加强与欧盟的关系,除了推动加入欧盟和北约以外,也签署备忘录要求“捍卫和保护乔治亚走向欧洲一体化的道路”。 [25][26]他们也誓言要履行欧盟的所有建议,并开启入欧盟谈判。 [27]
除了亲欧的反对派之外,执政党还面临格鲁吉亚爱国者联盟和Alt-Info极右翼联盟挑战,这些政党多年来一直在竞选中强调保守主义和强烈的反西方言论,而乔治亚梦想最近才开始接受这些议题。 [8]各方都称即将举行的选举为“决定性公投”。 [25]
选举前乔治亚爆发示威,抗议执政党推行的外国代理人法案。 [28] [29]该法案导致乔治亚与西方的关系紧张,美国以侵犯人权为由对多名乔治亚官员实施制裁,并讨论是否减少对第比利斯的援助。 [30]欧盟在2023年12月授予乔治亚会员候选国地位,但目前已暂停其申请程序,并警告,如果即将举行的选举不自由和公正,可能会暂停乔治亚的免签证待遇。 [31][32]美国国会提出了《MEGOBARI法案》和《乔治亚人民法案》,旨在打击民主倒退、对破坏民主者实施制裁,同时也奖励促进民主者。 [33]美国和欧盟此举被部分分析认为是干涉乔治亚内政和破坏其主权,以保护乔治亚受西方资助NGO的庞大影响力。 [34][35][36]
对外关系
编辑乔治亚梦想宣布将加入欧盟和北约,同时称对俄罗斯采取比反俄的反对派更为和解的态度。[37]然而,俄罗斯入侵乌克兰以及亚美尼亚与阿塞拜疆冲突带来的地缘政治影响使维持平衡变得更加困难。乌克兰政界人士称,如果乔治亚开辟针对俄罗斯的第二战场,将极大地帮助乌克兰。[38]
在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰期间,乔治亚政府谴责俄罗斯的行为,并向乌克兰提供人道主义援助,但没有制裁俄罗斯。这使俄罗斯的资本和高级专业人才为避免军事动员而涌入乔治亚。[来源请求]而俄罗斯也没有批准乔治亚未实质统治的南奥塞提亚共和国加入俄罗斯联邦的公投提案[39] ,尽管两国关系一直处于敌对状态,但俄罗斯并未将乔治亚列入不友好国家名单。 [40]
2022年2月25日,位在首都第比利斯的乔治亚国会大楼前出现为期6天的大规模抗议,以表达对乌克兰支持。此次示威活动带有反政府色彩,反映出人们对乔治亚当局应对俄罗斯入侵反应不足日益不满。 [41][42] [43]
Droa领袖Elene Khoshtaria在抗议中要求时任总理伊拉克利·加里巴什维利及其政府下台。她呼吁立即采取有效行动支持乌克兰,例如对俄罗斯关闭领空,并敦促乔治亚申请加入欧盟。 [44]
此次集会凸显了人们对政府处理危机的不满,抗议者对志愿者所遭遇的障碍及拒绝加入西方对俄罗斯的制裁感到愤怒。 [45]乔治亚梦想党魁马穆卡·姆迪纳拉泽表示,乔治亚无法派遣志愿者协助乌克兰,因为这可能会与引发与俄罗斯的战火。 [46]乌克兰总统泽连斯基因此决定召回乌克兰驻乔治亚大使。 [47]乔治亚总理伊拉克利·加里巴什维利宣布,乔治亚不会加入对俄罗斯的制裁,因为这对乔治亚经济的损害大于对俄罗斯的损害,这加剧了抗议活动中日益高涨的反政府情绪。 [48]乔治亚总理指出,无论是西方还是乌克兰,在2008年战争期间或之后都没有对俄罗斯实施制裁,甚至一切照”,包括和俄罗斯重启外交,而乔治亚却被要求牺牲自己并摧毁经济。 [49]
2022年6月,欧盟拒绝乔治亚加入欧盟的申请,理由是乔治亚政府涉嫌媒体审查,并拒绝加入对俄罗斯的国际制裁。 [50]这引发了反对派及反政府的动员。 [51]反过来,主权主义派系人民力量于2022年8月脱离乔治亚梦想,并提出立法来规范外国影响、建立一个特别登记系统来监控政治活动的外资组织,其中许多组织是由西方资助的。 [52][53]尽管政府声称该法案是为了公开明,但在西方大使馆和政界人士的声明下,反对派发动抗议活动来反对该法案,将其比作俄罗斯的外国代理人法,并表示该法案将危及欧洲-大西洋一体化,最终让该法案被撤回。 [54]
2023年3月8日,数万人聚集在议会前,要求停止对该法律的进一步讨论。反对派领导人Giorgi Vashadze发出最后通牒,要求否决这些法案并释放抗议期间被拘留的人。[来源请求]
在第比利斯的抗议浪潮中,俄罗斯外交部声明,警告乔治亚不要发生暴力政权更迭。 [55]一些俄罗斯政界人士暗示,一旦边境局势不稳定,俄罗斯可能会使用军事手段。 2023 年 9 月,乔治亚国家安全局声称发现反对派及西方资助团体计划在乔治亚发动政变,并获得在乌克兰的乔治亚反对派政治人物的支持。 [56][57]这又导致亲俄的反对派临格鲁吉亚爱国者联盟和Alt-Info极右翼联盟发起“Anti-Maidan运动”来对抗变。 [58]
2023年12月,在因被指控滥职和贪污而被捕的反对派记者尼卡·格瓦拉米亚出狱,以及议会驳回亲反对派总统萨洛梅·祖拉比什维利的弹劾案后,欧盟决定授予乔治亚候选人身份。 [59][60][61] 月底,总理伊拉克利·加里巴什维利总结这一年时表示,政府在“国内激进团体和敌对势力”造成的不稳定威胁下成功维护了和平, [62]并确立了乔治亚的欧盟候选国地位。 [63]
外国代理人法
编辑2024年初,政府重新提出外国代理人法,导致乔治亚再次经历重大政治危机和示威,许多公民认为该法对公民自由和民主原则构成了威胁。议会多数党领袖Mamuka Mdinaradze表示,重新提出该法案的原因是国内仍有NGO的秘密资金流通及外国秘密资助的政治活动。 [64] 4 月8日,乔治亚议会主席团将该法案登记为议会讨论。 [65]批评人士表示,该法律要求接受外国资助的组织和个人注册为“代表外国利益的组织”,是一种压制异议、限制NGO和独立媒体活动的措施。全国各地爆发抗议活动,示威者呼吁废除该法律并保护民主自由。政府对抗议活动的反应不一,有些努力进行对话,但也出现了许多警察暴力。 [28][29]
5月11日,乔治亚爆发了一场破纪录的抗议集会,被认为是乔治亚历史上规模最大的抗议集会。数万名示威者沿着库拉河游行,四支抗议队伍聚集在Metekhi的欧洲广场,庆祝欧洲日。据估计,至少有16.9万人参加,部分报导称最高峰时人数曾达到20甚至30万。[66][67][68]
抗议者和欧盟等西方国家都公开反对该法案,认为该法案将扼杀乔治亚的民主和新闻自由,并将其与俄罗斯外国代理人法进行比较。 [69]欧盟和美国官员持续反对该法案,认为乔治亚不需要这项法律,尽管欧盟多次呼吁撤回此类立法,但该法案最终仍然通过。 [70][71][72][73]该法案的支持者否认了这种说法,声称该法案将确保外国资金的透明度并保护乔治亚的主权免受恶意外国影响。
人民力量认为,该法律将保护乔治亚的民主和主权,防止外国通过资助NGO来干涉其国内事务。 [74][75]一些人批评欧盟和美国干涉乔治亚内政,破坏其通过自身法律的主权,并以欧盟候选国地位和美国制裁来勒索乔治亚。 [76][35]他们还强调,NGO不应依赖外国资金。 [35]
2024 年 8 月,乔治亚总理伊拉克利·科巴希泽表示,预计选举将在“前所未有”和“破坏性”的外国干涉的背景下举行。 [77]国会议长Shalva Papuashvili认为,外国资金帮助激进反对党竞选以对抗执政党。 [78]
10月5日,总统萨洛梅·祖拉比什维利受访时宣布,如果将组建联合政府,她已经有潜在的总理候选人名单。她指出,《乔治亚宪章》要求总理的产生必须与总统协商。虽然她没有透露候选人的身份,但他强调此人没有政治背景,她认为这对于建立公众信任和减少政治两极化至关重要。她还提到,她将会与签署宪章的反对党进行谈判。 [79][80]隔天,国会议长Shalva Papuashvili透露,将重新启动对总统的弹劾。他指出,总统未经政府许可出访国外是弹劾的原因之一。 [81]
选举前夕,数千名乔治亚人聚集在第比利斯举行支持欧洲的集会。示威者手持乔治亚国旗和欧洲旗,从五个不同地点开始,最后汇聚在自由广场。人群齐唱国歌,高唱欢乐颂。[82][83]估计有9至10万人参加了这次集会。 [84]
总统参加了此次集会,并重申乔治亚加入欧盟的承诺。她在演讲中表达了对乌克兰和摩尔多瓦支持,并向两国总统弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基和玛雅·桑杜喊话。他赞了桑杜的领导能力,支持她竞选连任,并祝福即将举行的公投能够取得有利于欧洲的结果;他也向泽连斯基表达了支持,并强调泽连斯基与俄罗斯的斗争不仅是为了乌克兰,也是为了乔治亚,因为两国都面临着俄罗斯的共同侵略。最后,她敦促乔治亚的欧洲和美国伙伴承认该国对欧洲未来的坚定承诺,并称乔治亚在加入欧盟的道路上已经胜利。[85]
选制
编辑乔治亚议会由150名议员组成,任期为四年。
根据2017年9月26日通过的宪法修正案规定,此次选举席次皆由比例代表制选出,150名议员以全国选区封闭式名单选举产生,政党获得席次的选举门槛为5%。[4][86]
为了确定一个政党获得的席次,首先将其所获得的选票数乘以150,然后再除以所有获得至少5%有效选票的政党所获得选票的总和。如果政党所获得的席位少于150个,则剩馀的席位将依次分配给获得更好结果的政党。 [87]
2023年2月6日,乔治亚中央选举委员会通过法案,在大多数投票站引入电子选民登记和投票系统。 [88]
2024年4月4日,乔治亚议会废除强制妇女保障名额。此前,法律要求不分区名单上至少四分之一是女性。这一决定是乔治亚梦想与反对党新政治中心—吉尔基达成的协议:乔治亚梦想支持吉尔基党取消妇女保障,而吉尔基同意支持乔治亚梦想候选人担任中央选举委员会主席。[89][90]
2024年8月27日,总统萨洛梅·祖拉比奇维利签署法令,定于10月26日选举。 [91]
2月20日,乔治亚议会三读通过选举法修正案。这些修正案改变了中央选举委员会主席和“专业委员”的选举方式,并废除了传统上由反对党代表担任的副主席职位。根据新法,议长将代替总统提名并启动中央选举委员会主席和专业委员的选举竞争。议会要求在第一轮选举中获得五分之三多数票(90 票)才能选举候选人。如果不成功,下一轮将采用简单多数(76 票)的方式投票,最多可尝试两次。如果两次尝试都失败,总统将获得任命中央选举委员会主席/成员的权力。法律还规定,即使在法定人数较少的情况下选举产生中央选举委员会委员,其任期亦为五年。
中央选举委员会由17名成员组成:其中7名由国会议长提名并由议会任命,9名由反对党提名。反对派和民间社会组织认为,这些变化增加了欧洲选举委员会的政治压力,损害了其中立性,违反了欧盟委员会的条件[92],也无视了威尼斯委员会对这些修正案的建议。[93]
5月30日,议会对选举法进一步修订,包括修改中央选举委员会的运作规则,并废除由公设辩护人代表和选定的国内外专家组成的中央选举委员会顾问小组。乔治亚梦想对这些变动表示,由于缺乏监督机构的参与,顾问小组未能发挥应有的作用。
另一项重大修改是中央选举委员会决策程序的变化。此前,决策需要三分之二多数票才能通过。现在,如果一项决议无法在中央选举委员会会议上通过,则将在同一会议上重新投票,如果获得多数票,则将被视为通过。执政党称,这是一种反僵局机制。 [94]
8月16日,中央选举委员会发布命令,要求各选区选举委员会主席在选举前一周(而不是选举当天)抽签分配委员会成员的职责。批评人士认为,这一变化让当局有时间影响选举进程并威胁到选举的透明度。反对派已就该法令向法庭提出质疑,但第比利斯市法院维持了中央选举委员会的决定。
独立监督机构和反对党仍然担心这些变化会破坏选举过程的公正性和透明度,尤其是在10月选举之前。 [95]
人们对乔治亚移民的投票权表示担忧。尽管乔治亚移民通过汇款对经济产生了重大影响,但他们对国家选举的参与仍然有限。官方统计显示,去年有超过12.5万人离开乔治亚,而估计乔治亚移民数量可能高达160万。
目前,乔治亚海外公民的投票程序被批评过于繁琐,投票站很少且通常仅设在大城市,这使得居住在偏远地区的移民难以投票。因此,移民的投票率相对较低;例如,在2020年选举中,只有66,217人登记投票,而实际参加投票的只有12,247人。包括反对党、NGO和总统萨洛梅·祖拉比奇维利在内的各利益相关方都主张提供更加便捷的投票选择,例如增加投票站、进行电子投票或延长投票时间。然而,执政党乔治亚梦想以官僚主义和后勤挑战为由,反应迟缓。批评人士认为,不愿改革投票程序可能源于一种政治策略,目的是限制移民的影响力,因为移民被视为潜在的反对派选民。[96][97][98]9月,中央选举委员会表示将在42个国家开设60个投票站。 [99]
民调
编辑选举结果
编辑政党 | 票数 | % | 席数 | +/– | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
格鲁吉亚梦想 | 1,119,967 | 53.93 | 89 | ▼ 1 | |
Coalition for Change[a] | 229,163 | 11.04 | 19 | ▲ 17 | |
Unity – National Movement[b] | 211,130 | 10.17 | 16 | ▼ 23 | |
Strong Georgia[c] | 182,955 | 8.81 | 14 | ▲ 8 | |
Gakharia For Georgia[d] | 161,327 | 7.77 | 12 | ▲ 12 | |
New Political Centre – Girchi | 62,334 | 3.00 | 0 | ▼ 4 | |
Alliance of Patriots of Georgia[e] | 50,597 | 2.44 | 0 | ▼ 4 | |
Georgian Labour Party | 15,097 | 0.73 | 0 | ▼ 1 | |
Change Georgia | 12,518 | 0.60 | 0 | ━ | |
European Democrats | 7,966 | 0.38 | 0 | ━ | |
Georgian Unity | 4,505 | 0.22 | 0 | ━ | |
Free Georgia | 4,152 | 0.20 | 0 | ━ | |
Party of Georgian Unity and Development | 3,940 | 0.19 | 0 | ━ | |
Sakartvelo | 2,779 | 0.13 | 0 | ━ | |
Chven | 2,606 | 0.13 | 0 | ━ | |
Tribune | 2,486 | 0.12 | 0 | ━ | |
Our United Georgia | 1,856 | 0.09 | 0 | ━ | |
Left-wing Alliance | 1,306 | 0.06 | 0 | ━ | |
总共 | 2,076,684 | 100.00 | 150 | – | |
已登记选民/投票率 | 3,508,294 | – | |||
资料来源:Election Administration of Georgia, Radio Liberty |
注释
编辑- ^ Consists of Ahali, Girchi – More Freedom, Droa, and Republicans.
- ^ Consists of United National Movement, Strategy Aghmashenebeli and European Georgia.
- ^ Consists of Lelo, For the People, Citizens and Freedom Square
- ^ Conservative Party of Georgia is running its candidates on For Georgia's party list.
- ^ Conservative Movement (Georgia)|Conservative Movement/Alt Info, Georgian Idea and Christian-Democratic Movement are running their candidates on APG's party list.
参考文献
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