夫拉卡

*alpha*-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone
臨床資料
給藥途徑	oral, intranasal, vaporization, intravenous, rectal, sublingual
法律規範狀態
法律規範	英：Class B; 美：附表I;
識別資訊
	IUPAC命名法 (RS)-1-Phenyl-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone; ;
CAS號	14530-33-7 ; 5485-65-4（HCl）
PubChem CID	11148955;
ChemSpider	9324063 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL205082 ;
CompTox Dashboard（英語：CompTox Chemicals Dashboard） (EPA)	DTXSID70456954 ;
化學資訊
化學式	C15H21NO
摩爾質量	231.34 g·mol−1
3D模型（JSmol（英語：JSmol））	交互式圖像;
	SMILES CCCC(C(C1=CC=CC=C1)=O)N2CCCC2;
	InChI InChI=1S/C15H21NO/c1-2-8-14(16-11-6-7-12-16)15(17)13-9-4-3-5-10-13/h3-5,9-10,14H,2,6-8,11-12H2,1H3 ; Key:YDIIDRWHPFMLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;

夫拉卡，學名α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone（alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone, α-PVP, alpha-PVP, O-2387, β-ketone-prolintane, Prolintanone, desmethyl pyrrolidinovalerophenone），俗稱礫石（gravel），是一種合成的仿興奮劑卡西酮（cathinones）的化學物質^[1]，發展於1960年代。在化學上，夫拉卡與精神中樞興奮劑吡咯戊酮（Pyrovalerone）^[2]相關，在化學結構上是prolintane的酮類類似物^[3]。被用作娛樂性藥物^[4]。

2014年，美國據《藥物食品和藥物管理局的安全和創新法（英語：Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act）》禁止所有透過人工設計而具有與受禁藥物相同功效的化合物，把夫拉卡列入為表一的非法管制物質名單^[1]^[5]。

副作用

α-PVP已經有報導指為多起濫藥致死或混合多種藥物濫用致死的元兇^[6]^[7]^[8]

此外，α-PVP可能會導致所謂的「興奮譫語」的狀態，其病徵包括有過度刺激及妄想幻覺^[9]。α-PVP也被發現在於浴鹽毒品混合使用而導致少一人死亡^[10]。

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 中國廉價毒品入侵美國佛州致數百人傷亡. 大紀元時報. 2015-06-11 [2015-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2015-06-13）（中文（繁體））.
^ 鹽酸吡咯戊酮（Pyrovalerone）. 愛詞霸 iciba. [2015-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2015-06-13）（中文（簡體））.
^ Sauer, Christoph; Peters, Frank T.; Haas, Claudia; Meyer, Markus R.; Fritschi, Giselher; Maurer, Hans H. New designer drug α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (PVP): studies on its metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques. Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 2009, 44 (6): 952. PMID 19241365. doi:10.1002/jms.1571.
^ SOFT Designer Drug Committee Monographs: Alpha-PVP (PDF). Society of Forensic Toxicologists. 2013-09-13 [2015-06-11]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-04-06）.
^ U.S. Criminalizes Designer Drugs. American Chemical Society. 2012-08-27 [2015-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-27）（英語）.
^ Marinetti, L. J.; Antonides, H. M. Analysis of synthetic cathinones commonly found in bath salts in human performance and postmortem toxicology: Method development, drug distribution and interpretation of results. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2013, 37 (3): 135–46. PMID 23361867. doi:10.1093/jat/bks136.
^ Waugh; et al. Deaths Involving the Recreational Use of α-PVP (α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone) (PDF). AAFS Proceedings. 2013 [2015-06-11]. Abstract K16. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-11-08）.
^ Cheap, synthetic 'flakka' dethroning cocaine on Florida drug scene. [2015-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2015-06-11）. 27 people have died from flakka-related overdoses in the last eight months in Broward County
^ Drugs of Abuse Emerging Trends. National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2015-04-06 [2015-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2015-06-08）（英語）.
^ Sykutera, M.; Cychowska, M.; Bloch-Boguslawska, E. A Fatal Case of Pentedrone and -Pyrrolidinovalerophenone Poisoning. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2015. doi:10.1093/jat/bkv011.

[ettw-1] 1.0 ^1.1 中國廉價毒品入侵美國佛州致數百人傷亡. 大紀元時報. 2015-06-11 [2015-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2015-06-13）（中文（繁體））.

[2] 鹽酸吡咯戊酮（Pyrovalerone）. 愛詞霸 iciba. [2015-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2015-06-13）（中文（簡體））.

[3] Sauer, Christoph; Peters, Frank T.; Haas, Claudia; Meyer, Markus R.; Fritschi, Giselher; Maurer, Hans H. New designer drug α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (PVP): studies on its metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques. Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 2009, 44 (6): 952. PMID 19241365. doi:10.1002/jms.1571.

[4] SOFT Designer Drug Committee Monographs: Alpha-PVP (PDF). Society of Forensic Toxicologists. 2013-09-13 [2015-06-11]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-04-06）.

[acs-5] U.S. Criminalizes Designer Drugs. American Chemical Society. 2012-08-27 [2015-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-27）（英語）.

[6] Marinetti, L. J.; Antonides, H. M. Analysis of synthetic cathinones commonly found in bath salts in human performance and postmortem toxicology: Method development, drug distribution and interpretation of results. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2013, 37 (3): 135–46. PMID 23361867. doi:10.1093/jat/bks136.

[7] Waugh; et al. Deaths Involving the Recreational Use of α-PVP (α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone) (PDF). AAFS Proceedings. 2013 [2015-06-11]. Abstract K16. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-11-08）.

[8] Cheap, synthetic 'flakka' dethroning cocaine on Florida drug scene. [2015-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2015-06-11）. 27 people have died from flakka-related overdoses in the last eight months in Broward County

[9] Drugs of Abuse Emerging Trends. National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2015-04-06 [2015-06-11]. （原始內容存檔於2015-06-08）（英語）.

[10] Sykutera, M.; Cychowska, M.; Bloch-Boguslawska, E. A Fatal Case of Pentedrone and -Pyrrolidinovalerophenone Poisoning. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2015. doi:10.1093/jat/bkv011.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]