用戶:Doraeeemon/沙盒

Charter of the United Nations
	UN Charter
起草完成日	14 August 1941
簽署日	26 June 1945
簽署地點	San Francisco, California, United States
生效日	24 October 1945
生效條件	批准 by 中華民國 (大陸時期), 法蘭西共和國臨時政府, the 蘇聯, the 英國, 美國 and by a majority of the other signatory states.
締約方	193
保存處	United States
收錄於維基文庫的條約原文
	《Charter of the United Nations》

The Charter of the United Nations (also known as the UN Charter) of 1945 is the foundational 條約 of the 聯合國, an intergovernmental organization（英語：intergovernmental organization）.^[1] It was signed at the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center（英語：San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center） in San Francisco, United States, on 26 June 1945, by 50 of the 51 original member countries (波蘭, the other original member（英語：Provisional Government of National Unity）, which was not represented at the conference, signed it two months later). It entered into force on 24 October 1945, after being ratified by the original 聯合國安全理事會常任理事國 of the 聯合國安全理事會—the 中華民國 (大陸時期) (after 1949, located in 中華民國 and was later replaced by the 中華人民共和國), 法國法蘭西共和國臨時政府 (later replaced by the 法蘭西第四共和國 and then the 法蘭西第五共和國), the 蘇聯 (later replaced by the 俄羅斯), the 英國, and the 美國—and a majority of the other signatories. The UN-Charter articulated a commitment to uphold 人權 of 公民 and outlined a broad set of principles relating to achieving 『higher standards of living』, addressing 『economic, social, health, and related problems,』 and 『universal respect for, and observance of, human rights an fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to 人種, 性別, 語言, or 宗教.』^[2]

As a charter（英語：charter）, it is a constituent treaty, and all members are bound by its articles. Furthermore, Article 103 of the Charter states that obligations to the United Nations prevail over all other treaty obligations.^[1]^[3] 聯合國會員國列表 in the world have now ratified the Charter.

Summary

Insignia appeared in the frontispiece of the charter, prototype of the current logo of the United Nations

The Charter consists of a preamble（英語：Preamble to the United Nations Charter） and a series of articles grouped into chapters.^[1]

The preamble（英語：Preamble to the United Nations Charter） consists of two principal parts. The first part contains a general call for the maintenance of peace and international security and respect for human rights. The second part of the preamble is a declaration in a contractual style that the governments of the peoples of the United Nations have agreed to the Charter and it is the first international document regarding human rights.

Chapter I（英語：Chapter I of the United Nations Charter） sets forth the purposes of the United Nations, including the important provisions of the maintenance of international 和平 and security.
Chapter II（英語：Chapter II of the United Nations Charter） defines the criteria for membership in the United Nations.
Chapters III（英語：Chapter III of the United Nations Charter）–XV（英語：Chapter XV of the United Nations Charter）, the bulk of the document, describe the organs and institutions of the UN and their respective powers.
Chapters XVI（英語：Chapter XVI of the United Nations Charter） and Chapter XVII（英語：Chapter XVII of the United Nations Charter） describe arrangements for integrating the UN with established 國際法.
Chapters XVIII（英語：Chapter XVIII of the United Nations Charter） and 聯合國憲章 provide for amendment（英語：Amendments to the United Nations Charter） and 批准 of the Charter（英語：Charter）.

The following chapters deal with the enforcement（英語：enforcement） powers of UN bodies:

Chapter VI（英語：Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter） describes the 聯合國安全理事會's power to investigate and mediate disputes;
Chapter VII（英語：Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter） describes the Security Council's power to authorize economic, diplomatic, and military sanctions, as well as the use of military force, to resolve disputes;
Chapter VIII（英語：Chapter VIII of the United Nations Charter） makes it possible for regional arrangements to maintain peace and security within their own region;
Chapters IX（英語：Chapter IX of the United Nations Charter） and Chapter X（英語：Chapter X of the United Nations Charter） describe the UN's powers for economic and social cooperation, and the 聯合國經濟及社會理事會 that oversees these powers;
Chapters XII（英語：Chapter XII of the United Nations Charter） and Chapter XIII（英語：Chapter XIII of the United Nations Charter） describe the 聯合國託管理事會, which oversaw 非殖民化;
Chapters XIV（英語：Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter） and Chapter XV（英語：Chapter XV of the United Nations Charter） establish the powers of, respectively, the 國際法院 and the 聯合國秘書處.
Chapters XVI through Chapter XIX deal respectively with XVI: miscellaneous provisions（英語：Chapter XVI of the United Nations Charter）, XVII: transitional security arrangements（英語：Chapter XVII of the United Nations Charter） related to 第二次世界大戰, XVIII: the charter amendment process（英語：Chapter XVIII of the United Nations Charter）, and 聯合國憲章

Charter Provisions

Preamble

World War II poster from the United States on the UNITED NATIONS – PREAMBLE TO THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS

The Preamble to the treaty reads as follows:

We the peoples of the United Nations determined
to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and

to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and

to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and

to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

And for these ends

to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and

to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and

to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and

to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,

Have resolved to combine our efforts to accomplish these aims

Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.

Although the Preamble is an integral part of the Charter, it does not set out any of the rights or obligations of member states; its purpose is to serve as an interpretative guide for the provisions of the Charter through the highlighting of some of the core motives of the founders of the organisation.^[4]

Chapter I: Purposes And Principles

Article 1

The Purposes of the United Nations are^[1]

To maintain international 和平 and security, to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace;
To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of 公民權利和政治權利 and 民族自決 of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace;
To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or 國際人道法 character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for 基本權 for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and
To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends.

Article 2

The Organization and its Members, in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1, shall act in accordance with the following Principles:^[1]

The Organization is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members.
All Members, in order to ensure, to all of them the rights and benefits resulting from membership, shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter.
All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.
All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations.
All Members shall give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter, and shall refrain from giving assistance to any state against which the United Nations is taking preventive or enforcement action.
The Organization shall ensure that states which are not Members of the United Nations act in accordance with these Principles so far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.
Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement under the present Charter; but this principle shall not prejudice the application of enforcement measures under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter（英語：Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter）.^[1]

Chapter II: Membership

Chapter II of the United Nations Charter deals with membership of the United Nations organization

Chapter III: Organs

There are established as principal organs of the United Nations: a General Assembly, a Security Council, an Economic and Social Council, a Trusteeship Council, an International Court of Justice and a Secretariat.
Such subsidiary organs as may be found necessary may be established in accordance with the present Charter.

Chapter IV: The General Assembly

Chapter V: The Security Council

COMPOSITION

Article 23

1. The Security Council shall consist of fifteen Members of the United Nations. The Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America shall be permanent members of the Security Council. The General Assembly shall elect ten other Members of the United Nations to be non-permanent members of the Security Council, due regard being specially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of Members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization, and also to equitable geographical distribution.

2. The non-permanent members of the Security Council shall be elected for a term of two years. In the first election of the non-permanent members after the increase of the membership of the Security Council from eleven to fifteen, two of the four additional members shall be chosen for a term of one year. A retiring member shall not be eligible for immediate re-election.

3. Each member of the Security Council shall have one representative.

FUNCTIONS and POWERS

Article 24

1. In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf.

2. In discharging these duties the Security Council shall act in accordance with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations. The specific powers granted to the Security Council for the discharge of these duties are laid down in Chapters VI, VII, VIII, and XII.

3. The Security Council shall submit annual and, when necessary, special reports to the General Assembly for its consideration.

Article 25

The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter.

Article 26

In order to promote the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the world's human and economic resources, the Security Council shall be responsible for formulating, with the assistance of the Military Staff Committee referred to in Article 47, plans to be submitted to the Members of the United Nations for the establishment of a system for the regulation of armaments.

VOTING

Article 27

1. Each member of the Security Council shall have one vote.

2. Decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members.

3. Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members; provided that, in decisions under Chapter VI, and under paragraph 3 of Article 52, a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting.

PROCEDURE

Article 28

1. The Security Council shall be so organized as to be able to function continuously. Each member of the Security Council shall for this purpose be represented at all times at the seat of the Organization.

2. The Security Council shall hold periodic meetings at which each of its members may, if it so desires, be represented by a member of the government or by some other specially designated representative.

3. The Security Council may hold meetings at such places other than the seat of the Organization as in its judgment will best facilitate its work.

Article 29

The Security Council may establish such subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions.

Article 30

The Security Council shall adopt its own rules of procedure, including the method of selecting its President.

Article 31

Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security Council may participate, without vote, in the discussion of any question brought before the Security Council whenever the latter considers that the interests of that Member are specially affected.

Article 32

Any Member of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security Council or any state which is not a Member of the United Nations, if it is a party to a dispute under consideration by the Security Council, shall be invited to participate, without vote, in the discussion relating to the dispute. The Security Council shall lay down such conditions as it deems just for the participation of a state which is not a Member of the United Nations.

Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes

Chapter VII: Action with respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression

Chapter VIII: Regional Arrangements

Chapter IX: International Economic and Social Co-operation

Chapter X: The Economic and Social Council

Chapter XI: Declaration regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories

Chapter XII: International Trusteeship System

Chapter XIII: The Trusteeship Council

Chapter XIV: The International Court of Justice

Chapter XV: The Secretariat

It comprises the Secretary-General and such other staff as the organization may require.
It provides services to the other organs of the United Nations, such as the General Assembly, the S.C, the ECOSOC, and the trusteeship council, as well as their subsidiary bodies.
The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of security council.
The staff of the secretariat is appointed by the Secretary-General according to the regulations laid down by the General Assembly.
The secretariat is located at the headquarters of the U.N in 紐約.
The secretariat also includes the regional commission secretariat at 巴格達, 曼谷, 日內瓦 and 聖地亞哥 (智利).

Functions of the Secretariat

preparation of report and other documents containing information, analysis, historical background research finding, policy suggestions and so forth, to facilitate deliberations and decision making by other organs.
to facilitate legislative organs and their subsidiary bodies.
provision of meeting services for the General Assembly and other organs
provision of editorial, translation and document reproduction services for the issuance of UN documents in different language.
conduct of studies and provision of information to various member states in meeting challenge in various fields
preparation of statistical publication, information bulletin and analytical work which the General Assembly has decided
organization of conferences experts group meetings and seminar on topics of concern to the international community
provision of technical assistance to develop countries.
understanding of service mission to countries, areas or location as authorized by the General Assembly or the security

Chapter XVI: Miscellaneous Provisions

Chapter XVII: Transitional Security Arrangements

Chapter XVIII: Amendments

Chapter XIX: Ratification and Signature

Chapter XIX of the 聯合國憲章 deals with 批准 and signature of the UN Charter. It provided that the Charter would enter into force once ratified by the Permanent Five members of the 聯合國安全理事會 and a majority of the other signatory states. The Charter was opened for signature on 26 June 1945 and entered into force on 24 October 1945, which became knownTemplate:By who as 聯合國日. In the meantime, the 廣島與長崎原子彈爆炸 took place on August 6 and 9, respectively; the introduction of this new weapon of warfare completely changed the security environment in which the UN Charter was promulgated.

Notes and references

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Introductory Note. Un.org. [2013-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2005-05-09）.
^ Christopher N.J. Roberts. William H. Fitzpatrick’s Editorials on Human Rights (1949). Quellen zur Geschichte der Menschenrechte. [2017-11-04].
^ https://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter16.shtml,^{[永久失效連結]} Chap 16, Article 103
^ Report of the Rapporteur of Commission I/1 UNICO VI, pp 446–7, Doc. 944 I/1/34(1).

External links

Full Text In the UN Website
Scanned copy of the signed charter
Original ratifications.
Ratifications/admissions under Article IV.
Alger Hiss recounts transporting the UN Charter after its signing.
Procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Charter of the United Nations in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations
Lecture by Annebeth Rosenboom entitled Practical Aspects of Treaty Law: Treaty Registration under Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations in the Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
Christopher N.J. Roberts: William H. Fitzpatrick’s Editorials on Human Rights (1949) , published by Arbeitskreis Menschenrechte im 20. Jahrhundert, published at "Quellen zur Geschichte der Menschenrechte"

Template:UN Charter Template:United Nations Template:International Criminal Court

[intro-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 Introductory Note. Un.org. [2013-02-09]. （原始內容存檔於2005-05-09）.

[2] Christopher N.J. Roberts. William H. Fitzpatrick’s Editorials on Human Rights (1949). Quellen zur Geschichte der Menschenrechte. [2017-11-04].

[3] ttps://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter16.shtml,^{[永久失效連結]} Chap 16, Article 103

[4] Report of the Rapporteur of Commission I/1 UNICO VI, pp 446–7, Doc. 944 I/1/34(1).

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