TLR9

Toll-like receptor 9
Toll-like receptor 9
標識
代號	TLR9; CD289
擴展標識	遺傳學：605474 鼠基因：1932389 同源基因：68126 ChEMBL: 5804 GeneCards: TLR9 Gene
基因本體論描述
分子功能	· transmembrane signaling receptor activity; · interleukin-1 receptor binding; · siRNA binding;
細胞成分	· Golgi membrane; · extracellular region; · cytoplasm; · lysosome; · endosome; · endoplasmic reticulum; · endoplasmic reticulum membrane; · plasma membrane; · endosome membrane; · integral component of membrane; · basolateral plasma membrane; · apical plasma membrane; · early phagosome; · endolysosome membrane;
生物過程	· toll-like receptor signaling pathway; · response to molecule of bacterial origin; · MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway; · inflammatory response; · I-kappaB phosphorylation; · insulin receptor signaling pathway; · positive regulation of gene expression; · maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium; · negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; · tumor necrosis factor production; · negative regulation of interleukin-6 production; · negative regulation of interleukin-8 production; · positive regulation of chemokine production; · positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production; · positive regulation of interferon-beta production; · positive regulation of interleukin-10 production; · positive regulation of interleukin-12 production; · positive regulation of interleukin-18 production; · positive regulation of interleukin-6 production; · positive regulation of interleukin-8 production; · positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production; · negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway; · positive regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway; · toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway; · positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus; · defense response to bacterium; · positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling; · positive regulation of JUN kinase activity; · positive regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process; · innate immune response; · positive regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process; · positive regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process; · positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; · positive regulation of JNK cascade; · regulation of cytokine secretion; · positive regulation of inflammatory response; · defense response to Gram-negative bacterium; · positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; · positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process; · negative regulation of calcium-transporting ATPase activity;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
直系同源體
物種	人類
Entrez	54106
Ensembl	ENSG00000239732
UniProt	Q9NR96
mRNA序列	NM_017442
蛋白序列	NP_059138
基因位置	Chr 3:; 52.22 – 52.23 Mb
PubMed查詢	[1]
	閱; 論; 編;

Toll樣受體9（英語：Toll-like receptor 9）是由人類基因 TLR9 編碼的蛋白質^[1]，也被稱為CD289（分化簇289，cluster of differentiation 289），是Toll樣受體（TLR）家族的成員。

功能

TLR家族的受體在病原識別與先天免疫的激活中起着基礎作用。TLRs are named for the high degree of conservation in structure and function seen between mammalian TLRs and the Drosophila transmembrane protein Toll. TLRs是呈現在細胞表面和胞內間室的跨膜蛋白，用以識別病原體呈現的病原相關分子模式（Pathogen-associated molecular patterns，PAMPs），然後啟動製造先天和獲得性免疫所需的細胞因子的信號。 The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. 這一基因通常表達於富含免疫細胞的組織，比如脾、淋巴結、骨髓等。研究指出，在小鼠和人中的TLR9受體可響應細菌DNA中的未甲基化的CpG寡去氧核苷酸序列來激活先天免疫應答^[2]。

TLR9可以識別DNA分子中的未甲基化的CpG序列，CpG位點在脊椎動物非常稀少（~1%），但在細菌或病毒基因組中很豐富。TLR9在免疫系統的多種細胞中有表達，如B淋巴細胞、單核細胞、自然殺傷細胞（NK）和漿細胞樣樹突狀細胞。TLR9表達於細胞內，是核內體的組分之一，其功能為當細菌或病毒感染時結合其DNA上的富CpG基序來改變免疫系統的狀態。TLR9的信號會導致細胞啟動炎症反應，並分泌相關細胞因子，如I型干擾素和IL-12等。

臨床意義

There are new immunomodulatory treatments undergoing testing which involve the administration of artificial DNA oligonucleotides containing the CpG motif. CpG DNA has applications in treating allergies such as asthma,^[3] immunostimulation against cancer,^[4] immunostimulation against pathogens, and as adjuvants in vaccines.^[5]

蛋白質相互作用

TLR9 可以與RNF216 交互作用發生^[6]。
它可以被CpG寡去氧核苷酸激活，如阿托莫德（英語：Agatolimod）。

參考文獻

^ Du X, Poltorak A, Wei Y, Beutler B. Three novel mammalian toll-like receptors: gene structure, expression, and evolution. Eur Cytokine Netw. Dec 2000, 11 (3): 362–71. PMID 11022119.
^ Entrez Gene: TLR9 toll-like receptor 9.
^ Kline JN. Eat dirt: CpG DNA and immunomodulation of asthma. Proc Am Thorac Soc. July 2007, 4 (3): 283–8. PMC 2647631  . PMID 17607014. doi:10.1513/pats.200701-019AW.
^ Thompson JA, Kuzel T, Bukowski R, Masciari F, Schmalbach T. Phase Ib trial of a targeted TLR9 CpG immunomodulator (CPG 7909) in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2004 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition). July 2004, 22 (14S) [2016-01-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-03-08）.
^ Klinman DM. Adjuvant activity of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Int. Rev. Immunol. 2006, 25 (3-4): 135–54. PMID 16818369. doi:10.1080/08830180600743057.
^ Chuang TH, Ulevitch RJ. Triad3A, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating Toll-like receptors. Nat. Immunol. May 2004, 5 (5): 495–502. PMID 15107846. doi:10.1038/ni1066.

延伸閱讀

Lien E, Ingalls RR. Toll-like receptors.. Crit. Care Med. 2002, 30 (1 Suppl): S1–11. PMID 11782555. doi:10.1097/00003246-200201001-00001.
Kaisho T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors as adjuvant receptors.. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2002, 1589 (1): 1–13. PMID 11909637. doi:10.1016/S0167-4889(01)00182-3.

外部連結

醫學主題詞表（MeSH）：TLR9+protein,+human

TLR9引用了美國國家醫學圖書館提供的資料，這些資料屬於公共領域。

[pmid11022119-1] Du X, Poltorak A, Wei Y, Beutler B. Three novel mammalian toll-like receptors: gene structure, expression, and evolution. Eur Cytokine Netw. Dec 2000, 11 (3): 362–71. PMID 11022119.

[2] Entrez Gene: TLR9 toll-like receptor 9.

[pmid17607014-3] Kline JN. Eat dirt: CpG DNA and immunomodulation of asthma. Proc Am Thorac Soc. July 2007, 4 (3): 283–8. PMC 2647631  . PMID 17607014. doi:10.1513/pats.200701-019AW.

[Thompson_2004-4] Thompson JA, Kuzel T, Bukowski R, Masciari F, Schmalbach T. Phase Ib trial of a targeted TLR9 CpG immunomodulator (CPG 7909) in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2004 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition). July 2004, 22 (14S) [2016-01-14]. （原始內容存檔於2012-03-08）.

[pmid16818369-5] Klinman DM. Adjuvant activity of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. Int. Rev. Immunol. 2006, 25 (3-4): 135–54. PMID 16818369. doi:10.1080/08830180600743057.

[pmid15107846-6] Chuang TH, Ulevitch RJ. Triad3A, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating Toll-like receptors. Nat. Immunol. May 2004, 5 (5): 495–502. PMID 15107846. doi:10.1038/ni1066.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]