維基百科

勞者秩序

勞者糾察、工者整飭、工者轄制（英文：Worker policing，直譯：工者治安、勞動者管轄）是社會性膜翅目動物（螞蟻、蜜蜂、黃蜂）常見的行為：雌性工蟻會吃掉其它工蟻產的卵，確保蟻后的後代在群體佔據主導。在某些蜜蜂、螞蟻、黃蜂物種，工蜂或蜂王也可能直接攻擊有生育能力的工蜂。

單倍二倍體性別決定系統的理論基礎
這存在於蜜蜂和其它膜翅目昆蟲中，包括大黃蜂、螞蟻、黃蜂等等。

這種強制的糾察或促進真社會性社會的利他演化。[1]

其可能通過表面標記的碳氫化合物或角質層碳氫化合物識別。[2][3][4] 極少數情況，工蜂會攜帶模仿蟻后的碳氫化合物逃避監管，這種情況又稱「無統治綜合症」、「無秩序綜合症」（英文：anarchic syndrome）。[5]

也並非所有糾察都需要女王；一些螞蟻就建立了雌蟻統治等級，就讓排名高的個體繁殖。[6]


演化基礎

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參見：染色體倍性

大多社會性昆蟲透過染色體倍性性別決定系統決定性別。單倍體雄性由未受精卵發育而來，而二倍體雌性則由受精卵發育而來。許多螞蟻、蜜蜂、黃蜂物種，工蜂工蟻雖然無法交配，但仍保留有功能的卵巢。[7]因此，它們能產生雄性後代。

平均而言，女王與她的兒子能分享一半基因，但與女工的兒子們卻只分享四分之一的基因。因此，撫養自己的兒子而不是女工的兒子才符合女王的最大利益。[7]

已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與翻譯。

雙方最大化其生殖成就導致王和工在貢獻不同雄性後代比例。女王喜歡生產自己的兒子，女工則喜歡生產自己的兒子，並且不會因為與侄子有良好的親緣關係而阻止姐妹產蛋。[7]

Worker policing occurs when worker bees in the colony are genetically more closely related to the queen than the reproductive female. In many instances, the eggs of the female worker are eaten, or she is repeatedly attacked by other workers. This mechanism of egg removal ensures that the queen's sons predominate.[8]

Experiments confirming the role of kin selection in worker policing demonstrate the effects of multiple matings, which can lead to lower average relatedness between workers. Queens of the social wasp Dolichovespula saxonica mate singly or multiply. Researchers who study these wasps have observed a strong positive correlation between worker relatedness and male production. After controlling for the absolute number of eggs laid, these scientists conclude that the queen's multiple matings favor mutual worker policing.[9]

Although early theories of worker policing focused on the kin selection component, evidence from honey bees suggests that altruism is sometimes enforced. Fewer workers reproduce as policing effectiveness rises, and policing effectiveness decreases with increasing relatedness except in colonies with no queen. This suggests that worker policing is a social sanction imposed on selfish individuals.[10]

提出的可能辨識機制

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Formica fusca螞蟻可以辨識巢友

可能包括女王的碳氫化合物、女工的碳氫化合物或巢友識別。

女王的碳氫化合物

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對弓背蟻屬 Camponotus floridanus的研究發現，其女王的卵表有特殊的碳氫化合物。在有女王產卵的群體，工蟻不產卵；而沒有女王產卵的群體，工蜂則繁殖。因此，碳氫化合物還可提醒工蟻停止繁殖。 目前還不清楚限制繁殖如何發生，或者減少工蜂繁殖所需的最低訊號閾值是多少。[2]

女工的碳氫化合物

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馬蟻Platythyrea punctata（英語：Platythyrea punctata）的群體中，角質層化合物的存在引發了蟻群內部攻擊，特別是新舊繁殖工蟻之間。具體來說，老的生殖工蟻會在新雌性的觸角塗抹一種標記碳氫化合物，將它們識別為競爭對手和攻擊目標。[3]

同窩識別

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黑山蟻似乎還包括巢友識別。更多攻擊非同巢工蟻，並帶走其蛋。[4]

膜翅目例子

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趨同演化例子：

蜜蜂

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西方蜜蜂吃掉工蟻的卵（卵食（英語：Oophagy））

最早發現的是西方蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）。普遍工蜂管制讓工蜂繁殖率極低（0.12%）。[11] 蜜蜂透過吃來維持繁殖率（卵食（英語：Oophagy））。[8]許多蜂巢工蜂卵巢活性減弱，產卵受抑制。 [8]

據報道，小蜜蜂（Apis florea）也有卵食（英語：Oophagy）行為。透過微衛星分析，沒有成熟的雄蜂具有非蜂王等位基因。因此，即使工蟻的卵巢已活化並且能夠產卵，工蟻的監管也確保了工蟻的功能性不孕。[12]


據報導，東方蜜蜂雌性工蜂激活卵巢的比例高於義大利蜜蜂或小蜜蜂。當蜂后移除後，高達40%工蜂幾天內激活自己卵巢。然而，工蜂繼續吃工蟻的卵，顯示該物種的工者轄制並不涉及蜂后。[13]

對一妻多夫制（英語：Polyandry in animals）蜜蜂屬來說也是類似。[13]

勞者秩序也發生在原始的社會性熊蜂，例如歐洲熊蜂。[14]

螞蟻

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Harpegnathos saltator（英語：Harpegnathos saltator）殺害外來女王

馬蟻 Pachycondyla inversa 會吃掉工蟻的卵（又稱婚工蟻（英語：gamergate (ant)）），並攻擊產卵的蟻。[15]

在 Gnamptogenys menadensis 的工蟻有時會交配產卵，而其它工蟻產用作食物的營養卵（英語：trophic egg）。由於其工蟻既可產雄性卵，也可產雌性卵，因此青睞勞者秩序。其勞者秩序可能有固定女工六肢（據報半數死亡），也可能拖出蟻群。[16]

Aphaenogaster smythiesi japonica 也顯示出勞者秩序的證據。當研究人員將重新組合有蟻后蟻群和無蟻后蟻群，工蟻會攻擊卵巢激活的工蟻。[17]

已隱藏部分未翻譯內容，歡迎參與翻譯。

In the queenless ant Streblognathus peetersi, policing helps to select gamergates. The workers immobilize gamergates with lowered fertility, enabling high-ranking workers to take over as new gamergates.[18]

In the ponerine ant Harpegnathos saltator（英語：Harpegnathos saltator）, worker policing prevents the number of reproductive workers from becoming excessive. The species has gamergates, which lay eggs but rarely carry out any other tasks, so having too many of them would reduce the colony's efficiency. Gamergate numbers are rather stable, as infertile workers target newly ovipositing workers by jumping on and holding them: this efficiently inhibits them from laying eggs, and within a few weeks they revert to being subordinate and infertile workers. However, once new ovipositing workers attain a gamergate's level of ovarian activity, the infertile (policing) workers ignore them. The signal used by the policing workers consists of cuticle hydrocarbons transmitted only by direct contact, rather than being a 信息素 detected by 嗅覺. Similarly, the inhibition of ovipositing workers is achieved by direct physical aggression by policing workers, not by any pheromone produced by queens or gamergates.[19]

Wasps

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Dolichovespula sylvestris（英語：Dolichovespula sylvestris） workers can display aggression towards other fertile workers

The tree wasp Dolichovespula sylvestris（英語：Dolichovespula sylvestris） also displays worker policing. Both egg-eating and aggression are reported in these wasp communities, and the queen also engages in the policing process.[20] Similar behavior has been observed in the closely related species Dolichovespula media（英語：Dolichovespula media）.[21]

In colonies of the paper wasp, 中華馬蜂, workers can lay up to a quarter of the male eggs in the colony. The number of eggs that survived to hatching, however, was minimal compared to the number produced by the queen. Analysis of the microsatellite markers showed that both queens and workers contributed to policing of worker and queen-laid eggs even in Monogyny（英語：Monogyny） and monandrous colonies.[22]

The common wasp, 普通黃胡蜂, engages in worker policing, and it is known that a significant number of workers have active ovaries. However, studies by researchers have suggested that relatedness may not be the key factor in the development of worker policing. Rather, it is hypothesized that worker policing has been selected due to conflict suppression in the colony.[23]

In a test of worker policing, researchers examined the removal of worker-laid eggs in Vespula rufa（英語：Vespula rufa）, a wasp that has low paternity. Under the testing conditions, worker policing was not as efficient, and some of the drones appeared to be from worker-laid eggs.[24]

The 黃邊胡蜂, Vespa crabro, was previously thought to be under reproductive pheromone control by the queen, thus explaining why the other females did not reproduce, even though they were capable of doing so. Experiments by Foster showed that the workers were instead regulating sterility in each other, thus instead exhibiting worker policing. While each worker is capable of reproducing, the colony as a whole is more efficient and organized if the workers allow only the queen to lay larvae.[25]

Synoeca cyanea（英語：Synoeca cyanea） also engage in worker policing during times when queen repopulation is not needed. They will prevent females from laying eggs through aggressive behavior and egg-eating.[26]

例外

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無統治綜合症

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在極少數情況下，雌性工蜂的卵可以逃脫監管，這個過程被稱為無政府症候群。

Very rarely, female worker bees lay eggs that escape worker policing, in a process known as the anarchic syndrome. Female reproductive workers in these colonies activate their ovaries even in the presence of a queen. The worker eggs are allowed as they 擬態 queen hydrocarbons. Thus, female workers can maximize their reproductive fitness at the expense of the colony. Anarchic syndrome is an example of selection working in opposite directions at individual and group levels.[5]

自私勞者秩序

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Temnothorax unifasciatus（英語：Temnothorax unifasciatus）, a 家蟻亞科 ant, has been shown not to have collective worker policing. However, when a queen is removed, a rank order for reproduction appears, where top ranking reproductives display aggression towards lower-order female workers. Thus, reductions in egg laying are created by Dominance hierarchy（英語：Dominance hierarchy）. Individuals do not act in benefit of the colony, instead opting to increase their own fitness by laying their eggs and reducing the contributions of opponents.[6]

This type of policy is common in Dolichovespula norwegica（英語：Dolichovespula norwegica） wasps where despite being more related to other workers' sons, worker-laid eggs were consumed by other workers.[27]

沒基因衝突的勞者秩序

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In the Thelytoky（英語：Thelytoky） ant Platythyrea punctata, colonies are 克隆; therefore, workers are all equally related genetically, and worker policing is not expected as there is no genetic conflict. However, one would expect severe effects on the condition of the colony if reproductive workers were left unchecked. For example, more time spent on individual reproduction would be predicted to detract from care of the queen's offspring. In studies of these ants, workers did actually display worker policing, as evidenced by increased aggression towards reproductive workers. Worker policing here is favored for group efficiency.[28]

參考

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  1. ^ Ratnieks, Francis L.W.; Heikki Helanterä. The evolution of extreme altruism and inequality in insect societies. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. October 2009, 364 (1553): 3169–3179. PMC 2781879  . PMID 19805425. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0129. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Endler, Annett; Jürgen Liebig; Bert Hölldobler. Queen fertility, egg marking and colony size in the ant Camponotus floridanus. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. February 2006, 59 (4): 490–499. S2CID 22084023. doi:10.1007/s00265-005-0073-0. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Hartmann, Anne; Patrizia D'Ettorre; Graeme R. Jones; Jürgen Heinze. Fertility signaling—the proximate mechanism of worker policing in a clonal ant. Naturwissenschaften. June 2005, 92 (6): 282–286. Bibcode:2005NW.....92..282H. PMID 15770464. S2CID 11123443. doi:10.1007/s00114-005-0625-1. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Helanterä, Heikki; Liselotte Sundström. Worker policing and nest mate recognition in the ant Formica fusca. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. June 2007, 61 (8): 1143–1149. S2CID 9920557. doi:10.1007/s00265-006-0327-5. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Oldroyd, Benjamin P.; Katherine E Osborne. The evolution of worker sterility in honeybees: the genetic basis of failure of worker policing. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. July 1999, 266 (1426): 1335–1339. PMC 1690071  . doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0784. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Stroeymeyt, Nathalie; Elisabeth Brunner; Jürgen Heinze. "Selfish worker policing" controls reproduction in a Temnothorax ant. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. July 2007, 61 (9): 1449–1457. S2CID 3191624. doi:10.1007/s00265-007-0377-3. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ratnieks, Francis L.W.; P. Kirk Visscher. Worker policing in the honeybee. Nature. December 1989, 342 (6251): 796–797. Bibcode:1989Natur.342..796R. S2CID 4366903. doi:10.1038/342796a0. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Wenseleers, Tom; Adam G. Hart; Francis L. W. Ratnieks. When Resistance Is Useless: Policing and the Evolution of Reproductive Acquiescence in Insect Societies (PDF). The American Naturalist. December 2004, 164 (6): E154–E167 [2024-03-02]. JSTOR 10.1086/425223. PMID 29641925. S2CID 4809642. doi:10.1086/425223. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2024-03-03）. 
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  12. ^ Halling, Luke A; Benjamin P. Oldroyd; Wandee Wattanachaiyingcharoen; Andrew B. Barron; Piyamas Nanork; Siriwat Wongsiri. Worker policing in the bee Apis florea. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 2001, 49 (6): 509–513. S2CID 9930323. doi:10.1007/s002650100325. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Oldroyd, Benjamin P.; Luke A. Halling; Gregory Good; Wandee Wattanachaiyingcharoen; Andrew B. Barron; Piyamas Nanork; Siriwat Wongsiri; Francis L. Ratnieks. Worker policing and worker reproduction in Apis cerana. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 2001, 50 (4): 371–377. S2CID 15558324. doi:10.1007/s002650100376. 
  14. ^ Zanette, L. R.; Miller, S. D.; Faria, C. M.; Almond, E. J.; Huggins, T. J.; Jordan, W. C.; Bourke, A. F. Reproductive conflict in bumblebees and the evolution of worker policing. Evolution. December 2012, 66 (12): 3765–3777 [2024-03-02]. PMID 23206135. S2CID 36787898. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01709.x. （原始內容存檔於2023-06-26）. 
  15. ^ D'Ettorre, Patrizia; Jürgen Heinze; Francis L W Ratnieks. Worker policing by egg eating in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla inversa. Proc Biol Sci. July 2004, 271 (1546): 1427–1434. PMC 1691738  . PMID 15306343. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2742. 
  16. ^ Gobin, Bruno; J. Billen; C. Peeters. Policing behaviour towards virgin egg layers in a polygynous ponerine ant. Anim. Behav. November 1999, 58 (5): 1117–1122. PMID 10564615. S2CID 16428974. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1245. 
  17. ^ Iwanishi, Satoru; Eisuke Hasegawab; Kyohsuke Ohkawaraa. Worker oviposition and policing behaviour in the myrmicine ant Aphaenogaster smythiesi japonica Forel. Animal Behaviour. September 2003, 66 (3): 513–519. S2CID 28820297. doi:10.1006/anbe.2003.2222. 
  18. ^ Gadau, Jürgen; Fewell, Jennifer; Wilson, Edward O. Organization of Insect Societies: From Genome to Sociocomplexity. Harvard University Press. 2009: 227–228. ISBN 978-0-674-03125-8. 
  19. ^ Liebig, Jürgen; Peeters, Christian; Höllldobler, Bert. Worker policing limits the number of reproductives in a ponerine ant. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 1999, 266 (1431): 1865–1870. PMC 1690207  . doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0858. 
  20. ^ Wenseleers, Tom; A. Tofilski; F. L. W. Ratnieks. Queen and worker policing in the tree wasp Dolichovespula sylvestris. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 2005, 58: 80–86. S2CID 16813247. doi:10.1007/s00265-004-0892-4. 
  21. ^ Foster, Kevin R. Colony kin structure and male production in Dolichovespula wasps. Molecular Ecology. 2001, 10 (4): 1003–1010. PMID 11348506. S2CID 12009153. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01228.x. 
  22. ^ Saigo, T.; K. Tsuchida. Queen and worker policing in monogynous and monandrous colonies of a primitively eusocial wasp. Proc Biol Sci. December 2004, 271 (Suppl 6): S509–S512. PMC 1810092  . PMID 15801618. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0238. 
  23. ^ Foster, Kevin R.; Francis L. W. Ratnieks. Convergent evolution of worker policing by egg eating in the honeybee and common wasp. Proc Biol Sci. January 2001, 268 (1463): 169–74. PMC 1088587  . PMID 11209887. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1346. 
  24. ^ Wenseleers, Tom; N. S. Badcock; K. Erven; A. Tofilski; F. S. Nascimento; A. G. Hart; T. A. Burke; M. E. Archer; F. L W. Ratnieks. A test of worker policing theory in an advanced eusocial wasp, Vespula rufa. Evolution. June 2005, 59 (6): 1306–14. PMID 16050107. S2CID 15644821. doi:10.1554/04-532. 
  25. ^ Foster, K.R., Gulliver, J., Ratnieks, F.L.W. Worker policing in the European hornet Vespa crabro. Insectes Sociaux. 2002, 49 (1): 41–44. S2CID 45182961. doi:10.1007/s00040-002-8277-z. 
  26. ^ Noda, Silvia Cristina Mari. Morphological and Physiological Caste Differences in Synoeca cyanea (Hymenoptero, Vespidae, Epiponini) According to the Ontogenetic Development of the Colonies. Sociobiology. 2003. 
  27. ^ Bonckaert, W.; Tofilski, A.; Nascimento, F.S.; Billen, J.; Ratnieks, F.L.W.; Wenseleers, T. Co-occurrence of three types of egg policing in the Norwegian wasp Dolichovespsula wasp. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 2001, 65 (4): 633–640. S2CID 2186614. doi:10.1007/s00265-010-1064-3. 
  28. ^ Hartmann, Anne; J. Wantia; J.A. Torres; J. Heinze. Worker policing without genetic conflicts in a clonal ant. PNAS. October 2003, 100 (22): 12836–12840. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10012836H. PMC 240705  . PMID 14557542. doi:10.1073/pnas.2132993100  . 

外部連結

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取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=勞者秩序&oldid=83274628」