薁
薁 | |
---|---|
IUPAC名 Azulene | |
系統名 bicyclo[5.3.0]decapentaene Azulene[1] 雙環[5.3.0]癸五烯 | |
別名 | 藍烴、甘菊環 |
識別 | |
CAS號 | 275-51-4 |
PubChem | 9231 |
ChemSpider | 8876 |
SMILES |
|
InChI |
|
InChIKey | CUFNKYGDVFVPHO-UHFFFAOYAT |
EINECS | 205-993-6 |
ChEBI | 31249 |
RTECS | CO4570000 |
KEGG | C13392 |
性質 | |
化學式 | C10H8 |
莫耳質量 | 128.17 g·mol⁻¹ |
外觀 | 青藍色片狀晶體[2] |
氣味 | 無[3] |
密度 | 1.037 g/cm3 |
熔點 | 99 °C(372 K)([2]) |
沸點 | 242 °C(515 K)([5]) |
溶解性(水) | 幾乎不溶[3] |
溶解性 | 可溶於有機溶劑[3] |
磁化率 | -98.5·10−6 cm3/mol[4] |
熱力學 | |
ΔcHm⦵ | −1266.5 kcal/mol[6] |
危險性 | |
警示術語 | R:R51/53 |
安全術語 | S:S61 |
歐盟分類 | N |
主要危害 | 有毒 |
閃點 | 76.66 °C |
若非註明,所有數據均出自標準狀態(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。 |
化學性質
編輯薁是一種含有七元環與五元環的稠環芳烴。和萘相似,薁分子中含有10個π電子的共振結構,但是其共振穩定能只有萘的一半。薁可看做由環庚三烯正離子(䓬離子)和環戊二烯負離子構成,因此薁分子具有約1.08D的電偶極矩。[8]由於極性,薁的五元環一側容易發生親電取代反應,七元環一側容易發生親核取代反應。薁的芳香性略低於萘,更容易加氫生成環戊烷並環庚烷。
薁在基態的極性反映在它的深色上,這對於小的不飽和芳族化合物來說是不尋常的。[9]薁不符合卡莎規則,其許多衍生物也都不會在最低激發態發出螢光。[10]
合成
編輯由於薁的特殊結構,科學家一直關注其合成方法。[11]1939年,科學家St. Pfau和Plattner用茚滿和重氮乙酸乙酯首次人工合成薁。[12]
有效的薁一鍋法涉及了環戊二烯與不飽和的C5合成子的環化。[13]環庚三烯前體的替代方法早已為人所知,下面顯示了一種說明性方法。[14][15]
步驟:
薁配合物
編輯在有機金屬化學中,薁可作為低價金屬中心的配體,其配合物包括 (azulene)Mo2(CO)6和(azulene)Fe2(CO)5。[16]
相關化合物
編輯1-羥基薁是不穩定的綠色油狀液體,沒有酮-烯醇互變異構。[17]穩定的2-羥基薁可以由2-甲氧基薁和氫溴酸反應而成,有酮-烯醇互變異構。[18]它的酸性比苯酚和萘酚強,在水中的pKa為8.71。6-羥基薁的酸性更強,在水中的 pKa為7.38。[18]
參考資料
編輯- ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014: 207. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4. doi:10.1039/9781849733069.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Entry on Azulene. at: Römpp Online. Georg Thieme Verlag, retrieved 2019-02-14.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Datenblatt Azulene, 99% bei AlfaAesar, abgerufen am {{{Abruf}}}.
- ^ Sweet, L. I.; Meier, P. G. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Azulene and Longifolene to Microtox®, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas (PDF). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1997, 58 (2): 268–274 [2021-08-30]. PMID 8975804. doi:10.1007/s001289900330. hdl:2027.42/42354 . (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2012-03-30).
- ^ 來源:Sigma-Aldrich Co., product no. a97203 .. [2021-09-15]
- ^ Salter, Carl; Foresman, James B. Naphthalene and Azulene I: Semimicro Bomb Calorimetry and Quantum Mechanical Calculations. Journal of Chemical Education. 1998, 75 (10): 1341. Bibcode:1998JChEd..75.1341S. doi:10.1021/ed075p1341.
- ^ Harmon, A. D.; Weisgraber, K. H.; Weiss, U. Preformed azulene pigments of Lactarius indigo (Schw.) Fries (Russulaceae, Basidiomycetes). Experientia. 1980, 36: 54–56. S2CID 21207966. doi:10.1007/BF02003967.
- ^ Anderson, Arthur G.; Steckler, Bernard M. Azulene. VIII. A Study of the Visible Absorption Spectra and Dipole Moments of Some 1- and 1,3-Substituted Azulenes. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1959, 81 (18): 4941–4946. doi:10.1021/ja01527a046.
- ^ Michl, Joseph; Thulstrup, E. W. Why is azulene blue and anthracene white? A simple mo picture. Tetrahedron. 1976, 32 (2): 205. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(76)87002-0.
- ^ Tétreault, N.; Muthyala, R. S.; Liu, R. S. H.; Steer, R.P. Control of the Photophysical Properties of Polyatomic Molecules by Substitution and Solvation: The Second Excited Singlet State of Azulene. Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 1999, 103 (15): 2524–31. Bibcode:1999JPCA..103.2524T. doi:10.1021/jp984407q.
- ^ Gordon, Maxwell. The Azulenes. Chemical Reviews. 1 February 1952, 50 (1): 127–200. doi:10.1021/cr60155a004.
- ^ St. Pfau, Alexander; Plattner, Pl. A. Zur Kenntnis der flüchtigen Pflanzenstoffe VIII. Synthese des Vetivazulens. Helvetica Chimica Acta. 1939, 22: 202–208. doi:10.1002/hlca.19390220126.
- ^ Hafner, Klaus; Meinhardt, Klaus-Peter. Azulene. Organic Syntheses. 1984, 62: 134. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.062.0134.
- ^ Carret, Sébastien; Blanc, Aurélien; Coquerel, Yoann; Berthod, Mikaël; Greene, Andrew E.; Deprés, Jean-Pierre. Approach to the Blues: A Highly Flexible Route to the Azulenes. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2005, 44 (32): 5130–5133. PMID 16013070. doi:10.1002/anie.200501276.
- ^ Lemal, David M.; Goldman, Glenn D. Synthesis of azulene, a blue hydrocarbon. Journal of Chemical Education. 1988, 65 (10): 923. Bibcode:1988JChEd..65..923L. doi:10.1021/ed065p923.
- ^ Churchill, Melvyn R. Transition Metal Complexes of Azulene and Related Ligands. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry. 2007: 53–98. ISBN 9780470166123. doi:10.1002/9780470166123.ch2.
- ^ Asao, Toyonobu; Shunji Ito; Noboru Morita. 1-Hydroxyazulene and 3-hydroxyguaiazulene: Synthesis and their properties. Tetrahedron Letters. 1989, 30 (48): 6693–6696. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)70653-8.
- ^ 18.0 18.1 Takase, Kahei; Toyonobu Asao; Yoshikazu Takagi; Tetsuo Nozoe. Syntheses and some properties of 2- and 6-hydroxyazulenes. Chemical Communications. 1968, (7): 368b–370. doi:10.1039/C1968000368B.
- ^ Yamamura, Kimiaki; Kawabata, Shizuka; Kimura, Takatomo; Eda, Kazuo; Hashimoto, Masao. Novel Synthesis of Benzalacetone Analogues of Naphth[a]azulenes by Intramolecular Tropylium Ion-Mediated Furan Ring-Opening Reaction and X-ray Investigation of a Naphth[1,2-a]azulene Derivative. The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2005, 70 (22): 8902–6. PMID 16238325. doi:10.1021/jo051409f.