法 (佛教)
佛教术语
(重定向自佛法)
佛教里的“法”字具有多种不相同的含义。其中佛法(梵语:धर्म,dharma,巴利语:धम्म,dhamma)是教育、是佛陀的教诲,其主要宗旨是教育众生学习做个好人,做个至善圆满的人。佛法是佛陀所说为法语、律法。佛法是道德之法,佛法能度人向善及度人成佛。佛法解释宇宙缘起及人生真相,助众生离苦得乐。
概论 编辑
语源 编辑
法的梵文字根来自dha-,意思为持、保持、任持不失,印顺法师在《初期大乘佛教之起源与发展》说:“法——达磨dharma,是众生的归依处,是佛引导人类趣向的理想与目标。自觉自证的内容,不是一般所能说明的、思辩的,而要从实行中去体现的。为了化导众生,不能没有名字,释尊就用印度固有的术语──达磨来代表。”在早期佛教中,意指八圣道,因为是一切圣者所必经的,是通往解脱的不二圣道,不变不失,所以称之为法。
文字写法 编辑
在古典梵语,法的拼法是dharma,而在普拉克里特诸语言(古印度俗语)和巴利语中则拼作dhamma。阿育王诏书的古石刻文书中,其婆罗米体写为𑀥𑀁𑀫(dhaṃma),佉卢体(从右往左)写作𐨢𐨿𐨪𐨨(dhrama),并在坎达哈双语岩石铭文将之译为古希腊语的eusebeia(εὐσέβεια,虔诚、灵性的成熟、恭敬神明)和亚兰语的qšyṭʾ(קשיטא,真理、真实)[2][3]。佛教传至中国后,汉语音译为昙无、昙摩、达磨、达摩、达么,对译为“法”。藏语对译为ཆོས(威利转写:chos)。
Dharma在各文字的写法
巴利语 dhamma - 古代印度外的文字
|
梵语 dharma - 古代印度外的文字
dharma音译借词
|
对译词
dharmā(from Namo dharmāya or Ye dharmā hetu) |
参见 编辑
注释 编辑
- ^ 《佛学大辞典》【法】:(术语)法者梵云达磨Dharma,为通于一切之语。小者大者,有形者,无形者,真实者,虚妄者,事物其物者,道理其物者,皆悉为法也。唯识论以自体任持与轨生物解二义解法。自体任持者,谓竹有竹之自体,梅有梅之自体,有形者,有形之自体,无形者,有无形之自体,各保任维持其自体也。轨生物解者,谓如是既各有自体,皆为自体任持之状,然只限于有体,不能容无体,法者,兼摄无体,该尽一切也。唯识论一曰:“法谓轨持。”同述记一本曰:“法谓轨持,轨谓轨范。可生物解,持谓任持,不舍自相。”俱舍论光记一曰:“释法名有二:一能持自性,谓一切法各守自性,如色等性常不改变。二轨生胜解,如无常等生人无常等解。”大乘义章十曰:“法者,外国正音名为达磨,亦名昙无。本是一音,传之别耳。此翻名法,法义不同。汎释有二:一自体为法,二者轨则名法。”唯识述记二末曰:“法者,道理义也。有般涅槃之义,名般涅槃法。”
- ^ How did the 'Ramayana' and 'Mahabharata' come to be (and what has 'dharma' got to do with it)?. [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-16).
- ^ Hiltebeitel, Alf. Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative. Oxford University Press, USA. 2011: 36–37 [2021-05-26]. ISBN 978-0-19-539423-8. (原始内容存档于2021-10-31) (英语).
- ^ Ṛgveda(Rigveda) - The Veda. [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-26).
- ^ 𑀥𑀁𑀫. wiktionary. [2021-05-18]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-15).
- ^ * Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch. 1925: 56–57 (Sanskrit).
- Mathura lion capital. [2021-06-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-01).
- CoinIndia. Coin of both Hermaios and Kujula Kadphises. [2021-06-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-09).
- ^ Mon - Aksharamukha. [2021-05-27]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-27).
- ^ * Ahom - Aksharamukha. [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-26).
- ^ Tai Tham Ad-hoc Meeting Report (PDF). [2021-06-14]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-09).
- ^ Denise Cush; Michael York; Catherine Robinson. Encyclopedia of Hinduism. 2012: 455 [2021-06-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-14).
For instance, if we find Hindi speakers talking of dharm, Bengalis of dhormo, and Tamils of tharumam, it is useful to know that these are all tatsama forms of the same Sanskrit word dharma.
- ^ * File:Sri Yashodharman.jpg. [2021-05-28]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-31).
- Fleet, John Faithfull. Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors. 1960: 150-158.
- ^ * 义净. 梵語千字文 (東京東洋文庫本). [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-18).
- 义净. 梵語千字文 (安永二年敬光刊). [2021-05-18]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-18).
- ^ * Anshuman Pandey. Final proposal to encode Nandinagari in Unicode (PDF). [2021-05-28]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-21).
- Anshuman Pandey. Preliminary Proposal to Encode Nandinagari in ISO/IEC 10646 (PDF). [2021-05-28]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-09).
- ^ Shriramana Sharma. Proposal to encode characters for Extended Tamil (PDF). [2021-06-10]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-06-10).
- ^ Dieter Maue. Non-Indian Brāhmī scripts along the Silk Roads. 2010 [2021-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-04).
- ^ * Bali lontar - Palm Leaf Wiki. [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-05).
- Paparikan Darmapada - Palm Leaf Wiki. [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-26).
- ^ Javanese character notes - r12a. [2021-05-27]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-27).
- ^ 吴昭新. 新編台灣閩南語用字彙編 (PDF). [2021-06-17]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-05-05).
达:tat8 ……无、么、摩、磨:moo5
- ^ ta̍t 的发音: môo 的发音:
- ^ * Georgios T. Halkias. When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures. [2021-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-07).
Greco-Bactrian inscription at Jaḡatu, afghanistan, of the sanskrit refuge formula to the “three-jewels”
- Bactrian Corpus (NSW) Part No. 125. [2021-06-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-10).
- Old Indian Kapāla in a Bactrian Inscription from Qara-Tepe. Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 1994 [2021-06-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-10).
- Nicholas Sims-Williams. JAḠATU – Encyclopaedia Iranica. [2021-06-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-10).
- ^ Budhist Terminology in Sogdian (PDF). [2021-06-04]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-08-31).
- ^ Georgios T. Halkias. When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures. 2014 [2021-06-02]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-07).
In later bilingual Indian-Greek coins, dharma is equated with the Greek word dikē (δίκη), right or justice and is not restricted to eusebeia (εὐσέβεια).
- ^ * UNESCO Staff. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. 1994: 400 [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-26).
- Bilingual (Greek and Aramaic) inscriptions by king Ashoka at Kandahar. [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-08).
- ^ Michaël Peyrot. Points of Tocharian Agramma (PDF). [2021-06-04]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-06-04).
- ^ Tocharian word of the week: "dharma".
- ^ Mauro Maggi. A folio of the Ratnakūṭa (Kāśyapaparivarta) in Khotanese. 法鼓佛学学报. 2015 [2021-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-06).
- ^ The Turkic Peoples of Central Asia and Buddhism. [2021-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-04).
Tremblay made the point that both the Uyghur and the Manichaean Sogdian terms were independently copied from spoken Buddhist Sogdian. The frequent usage of nwm for Skt. dharma instead of the Buddhist Sogdian loanword δrm in Uyghur Buddhist texts would point in the same direction: nwm
- ^ * Peter Zieme. The first leaf of an Old Uyghur 觀無量壽經 Guanwuliangshoujing translation. Written Monuments of the Orient. 2020 [2021-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-05).
- Uğur UZUNKAYA. A Fragment of Old Uyghur Uṣṇīṣavijayā-nāma-dhāraṇī from the Berlin Turfan Collection. [2021-06-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-10).
- ^ Edited by Khulan D. English-Mongolian Buddhist Glossary. [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-26).
- ^ 庄吉发. 國立故宮博物院典藏《大藏經》滿文譯本研究. 东方宗教研究. 1990 [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-27).
“法轮”,满文译作"nomun i kurdun"……“而为沙门,受佛法者”,满文译作"fucihi i nomun be aliha sarmana" ,意即“受佛法之沙门”
- ^ 西夏文 - 古今文字集成. [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-21).
- ^ * Heleen Plaisier. 3. Unravelling Lepcha manuscripts. [2021-06-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-28).
In the titles of Lepcha works......cho (book, learning)......These designations are obviously direct loans from equivalent categories in Tibetan literature......Chos......Indeed, a Lepcha book, referred to as cho, typically conveys a canonical message
- Albert Grünwedel. Dictionary of the Lepcha-language. [2021-06-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-02).
- H. Plaisier. Chapter Four. Nominal Morphology.
ᰇᰨᰎᰴ cho–pang......books
- ^ * 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 - 法. [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-26).
- 香港小學習字表 - 法. [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-26).
- ^ David Wharton. Language, Orthography and Buddhist Manuscript Culture of the Tai Nuea – An Apocryphal Jātaka Text in Mueang Sing, Laos. University of Passau. 2018: 240 [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-04).
- ^ Stephen Morey. Ahom and Tangsa: Case studies of language maintenance and loss in North East India (PDF). Language Documentation & Conservation. 2014, 7 [2021-06-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-11-14).
- ^ Marseille, Carmen Eva. Shan-Ni grammar and processes of linguistic change. 2019: 34 [2021-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-26).
- ^ 37.0 37.1 * d'Hubert, Thibaut. A Persian Account of the Religious Customs of the Magh (Arakanese) from Early Colonial Bengal. Iranian Studies. 2018 [2021-06-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-03).
By the blessing of Tārā (i.e Dharma)......The term tārā transcribes the Arakanese/Burmese tarāḥ, which may be translated as "precept"or "law". This is the same term used by the Chakmas to designate the ritual texts called Āgar tārā, that the Luris used to recite on various occasions.
- d'Hubert, Thibaut. India beyond the Ganges: Defining Arakanese Buddhism in Persianate colonial Bengal. The Indian Economic and Social History Review,. 2019 [2021-06-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-03).
Then, follows a brief comment on how one may become a Magh by reciting the ten tārā (Burmese tarāḥ; Pali dhamma,‘precepts, laws’)
- Buddhist Traditions and its Development among the Chakmas: A Historical Perspective (PDF). The Chakma Voice. 2010: 33–38 [2021-06-03]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-06-03).
According to Bechert, Tara means Dharma or religion......According to other......Tara means religious literature
- Sushant Chakma; Jyotir Moy Chakma. A Short Introduction to Chakma Manuscripts. SEEMAANT. 2017: 99–104 [2021-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-07).
- d'Hubert, Thibaut. India beyond the Ganges: Defining Arakanese Buddhism in Persianate colonial Bengal. The Indian Economic and Social History Review,. 2019 [2021-06-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-03).
- ^ Vinodh Rajan. Aksharamukha : Script Converter. [2021-06-01]. (原始内容存档于2021-07-05).
- ^ polyhedron. 做了一個滿文阿禮嘎禮的輸入法. [2021-05-31]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-03).